Threat Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Threat Intelligence Essay Menace Intelligence We will write a custom essay on Threat Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Introduction Cyber-attacks have dramatically increased in badness and frequence in recent old ages, taking to major security breaches and 100s of 1000000s of customers’ informations going compromised worldwide. To run within this of all time germinating planetary menace environment, organisations must maturate their traditional security schemes to an Intelligence-Based Security Framework, besides normally referred to as Threat Intelligence. Rather than responding to qui vives of onslaughts, Intelligence-Based Security enables you to proactively place menaces against your organisation and fade out them before an onslaught has been launched. Menace Intelligence are experts in the country of Intelligence-Based Threat and Risk Management, and is backed up by their first security research and huge sum of specialist security experience across a broad scope of industries. Current state of affairs Incidents on advanced relentless menaces and DDOS are rumored virtually every hebdomad and therefore the impact of those onslaughts are huge. These incidents merely evade the traditional margin security. Anti-malware merchandise have evolved that do nt see the better-known signatures nevertheless build usage of alternate manners of sensing to corroborate web end points, application and information will remain secure. Some of the challenges with regard to the germinating landscape that endeavors are confronting are: The gait at which signature-based malware is germinating is non fiting the velocity at which menaces are germinating The big database incorporating the signature inside informations affects the public presentation and doesn’t work good for unpredictable menaces The onslaughts are uninterrupted and are extremely targeted, which makes them hard to observe It has non merely affected the fiscal industry, but a figure of other industries. Menace intelligence Gartner defines menace intelligence as â€Å"Evidence-based cognition, including context, mechanisms, indexs, deductions and actionable advice, about an bing or emerging threat or jeopardy to assets that can be used to inform determinations sing the topic s response to that threat or hazard.† Menace intelligence will move as a figure and furnish correct, seasonably and careful info to security directors. These will ease in early sensing and saloon of onslaughts thereby cut downing losingss. Today, menace intelligence services have matured to tie in extent wherever the information feeds watchful sing the possible menaces. Threat intelligence forms a part of all the exposure direction, security event direction and specialised menace analysis and protection ware. The ecosystem can be divided into three wide units: aggregation and analysis, determination support and response. It involves collection and analysing informations provenders that helps in making choices and to necessitate stairss to extenuate the menaces signaled by the qui vives. Each of those units have to be compelled to add concert so as to carry through or transcend the gait of germinating menaces. This menace intelligence capableness enables organisations to spy and answer to possible menaces and exposures therefore to rarefy the onslaught window and besides the bound the clip to entree. Organizations that adopt this attack is awake to the existent fact that menace intelligence is that the foundation of investings created and risk appraisal. Menace Intelligence Cycle For organisations trusting on manual procedures, the stairss to operationalizing the intelligence gathered are: Gather informations from different beginnings in a assortment of formats. Most of these informations gathered are in signifier of menace indexs The following measure is to analyse the information. The analyst should formalize the information gathered and so construct the context consequently Following measure is to feed the validated information into controls Figure 1: Menace Intelligence Cycle Menace Intelligence Challenges and Measures While the importance of menace intelligence is accepted and is taken into history to be the inspiration piece of cyber-security by many houses, the employment of the information gathered is ad-hoc in many. Persons are trapped in conformity check-boxes and do nt supply specialise menace intelligence services Many organisations accept pattern lucifers and besides the intelligence databases, which became uneffective and disused. New targeted onslaughts and besides the usage viruses benefit of those disused ways and non up-to-date databases. Although several houses do nt portion knowledge attributable to competitory grounds, effectual coaction and crowd-sourcing will ease physique, act rapidly and revoke invasions Operationalizing menace intelligence is the biggest challenge in leveraging menace intelligence. There is deficit of menace beginnings and organisations consider really data gathered to be signifier of intelligence Some organisations can’t trade with incompatibilities that occur due to difference in informations quality. For informations to be utile, it has to be relevant to the organisation Datas received from external parties aren’t validated and all of them is considered as menace intelligence. Most houses accept the informations they receive and do non hold resources to formalize it .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .postImageUrl , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:hover , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:visited , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:active { border:0!important; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:active , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Pair Of Silk Stockings EssayDeveloping Actionable Intelligence Develop actionable menace intelligence. Intelligence here doesn’t mean merely mixture of informations and glorious indexs, it s non refering merely menace intelligence provenders. It’s refering deducing important penetrations from assortment of beginnings. These beginnings is internal every bit good as external. The word unfair suggests that one thing that s helpful to an organisation. Organizations need to develop bigger adulthood in information assemblage and processing installations in order that will they ll leverage mechanization to bring on pregnant information. Two elements, expertness based largely larning and situational consciousness will ease organisations to develop and travel to period of clip intelligence based theoretical account. Experience Based Learning Organizations can larn from past experiences – both their experiences and experiences at the industry degree. Some organisations can even take away some lessons from occurrences in other industries like Defense, Retail, and Finance etc. These can assist them deploy new techniques and controls to support against new menaces. These lessons include some of the of import inquiries: Who are the aggressors? What is the motivation behind the onslaught? What is the defect in the system? Is it the attacker’s sophisticated technique or a exposure in the system? Were there any similar onslaughts in the yesteryear? How can the exposure be fixed? How are organisations covering with such sort of onslaughts? What can be the pro-active steps that can be taken for bar from an onslaught? Organizations need to go a learning organisation where learn from their past experiences and learn from others experiences by sharing information to both private and public companies. This will so assist organisations develop capablenesss to forestall and observe and react to cyber-attacks. Constructing a Menace Intelligence Community First, construct a community to portion informations and maintain yourself up-to-date. With a web of people collaboratively bring forthing distributed intelligence, the procedure of fusing, analysing, and leveraging Threat Intelligence can be immensely improved: Physique: Connect with other stakeholders who are sing the same job as you Contribute: Share evaluations, assurance, and attributes around informations and groups of related informations to obtain penetrations that would non be otherwise obvious Leverage: Path and step the menace to efficaciously joint the job to determination shapers. Identify adversary tendencies to preemptively deploy sensing signatures before you are targeted Figure 2: Community Watch Decision Organizations that leverage their menace intelligence capablenesss will be able to develop and transform their cyber security capablenesss to be able to observe and react to cyber-attacks. I conclude the study by stating that organisations should non execute intelligence for merely the interest of it, this should be aligned to the concern results and adjusted based on the alterations made. Menace intelligence providesinsight and context to better determination making.The hazard of bad intelligence is high.Bad determinations can easy be made frompoor intelligence- potentially making more harm than good. Good analytic patterns improve analysis thereby diminishing the hazard of hapless intelligence. You could hold the best package analysis accomplishments in the universe, but if you can non pass on your decisions efficaciously to those who need to move on your information those accomplishments are efficaciously useless in menace intelligence. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/CTU_intelligence/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence.asp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sans.org/event/sans-cyber-threat-intelligence-summit Pankaj Sukhadeve 13030241163 1

Free Essays on THe Life Of Christ Depicted By Memling And An Unknown Follower

The Life of Christ Depicted by Hans Memling And An Unknown follower Follower of Hans Memling ca. 1515 While researching art there is a very high likelihood of finding multiple paintings of the same or an exceptionally similar picture. Some similar pictures have changes while others remain totally the same, and the same is true for the artist. The duplication of paintings can be attributed to a high demand for the painting from the buyers, mainly churches. During the 15th century and into the 16th century, religion played a pivotal role in the daily aspects of all people living in Europe. Although religion was the dominant force in peoples’ lives, most people were illiterate and were thus unable to unlock the secrets of the Bible for themselves. To counter this problem, the church commissioned artists to adorn their churches with religious artwork. The commissioned artwork was to either depict various religious scenes or contain some moral that the church conveyed. While doing my research, I found two interesting triptychs depicting events in the life of Christ. In the last quarter of the 15th century Hans Memling, a Flemish painter, produced a triptych, the Lost Triptych, depicting the Passion of Christ. Hemling highlighted three well known scenes from the Bible: the carrying of the cross, crucifixion, and the resurrection of Christ. This triptych was lost for many years, only later to be found, it currently stands in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. The painting still remains without a name or an exact date of its production. Around 1515, a follower of Memling, name not provided, produced a duplicate of Hans Memling’s Lost Triptych. In the triptych, the artist illustrates the birth, crucifixion, and resurrection of Christ. This triptych currently is on display at the Frans Hals Museuem in Haarlem. Though the triptychs depict the same story, each contains different features absent in... Free Essays on THe Life Of Christ Depicted By Memling And An Unknown Follower Free Essays on THe Life Of Christ Depicted By Memling And An Unknown Follower The Life of Christ Depicted by Hans Memling And An Unknown follower Follower of Hans Memling ca. 1515 While researching art there is a very high likelihood of finding multiple paintings of the same or an exceptionally similar picture. Some similar pictures have changes while others remain totally the same, and the same is true for the artist. The duplication of paintings can be attributed to a high demand for the painting from the buyers, mainly churches. During the 15th century and into the 16th century, religion played a pivotal role in the daily aspects of all people living in Europe. Although religion was the dominant force in peoples’ lives, most people were illiterate and were thus unable to unlock the secrets of the Bible for themselves. To counter this problem, the church commissioned artists to adorn their churches with religious artwork. The commissioned artwork was to either depict various religious scenes or contain some moral that the church conveyed. While doing my research, I found two interesting triptychs depicting events in the life of Christ. In the last quarter of the 15th century Hans Memling, a Flemish painter, produced a triptych, the Lost Triptych, depicting the Passion of Christ. Hemling highlighted three well known scenes from the Bible: the carrying of the cross, crucifixion, and the resurrection of Christ. This triptych was lost for many years, only later to be found, it currently stands in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. The painting still remains without a name or an exact date of its production. Around 1515, a follower of Memling, name not provided, produced a duplicate of Hans Memling’s Lost Triptych. In the triptych, the artist illustrates the birth, crucifixion, and resurrection of Christ. This triptych currently is on display at the Frans Hals Museuem in Haarlem. Though the triptychs depict the same story, each contains different features absent in...

LEssentiel - Essential French Phrases

LEssentiel - Essential French Phrases Even if youre just going to France for a week, you should know some survival French - a few essential words and phrases that youll use over and over. This is a somewhat miscellaneous list of the basics, so be sure to follow the links at the end for even more essential French like hello and please.Je parle (un peu de) franà §ais  Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak (a little) French.Parlez-vous anglais ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you speak English?Comment ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What?Je ne comprends pas.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont understand.Que veut dire ___ ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does ___ mean?Rà ©pà ©tez, sil vous plaà ®t.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat, please.Plus lentement  Ã‚  Ã‚  More slowlyEncore une fois  Ã‚  Ã‚  One more timeComment dit-on ___ en franà §ais  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do you say ___ in French?Je ne sais pas  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont knowJai une question  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a questionJai un problà ¨me  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a problemoui  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yesnon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nosi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yes (in reponse to a negative question)daccor d  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OKet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  andou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  orqui  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whoquoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  what*quand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whenoà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wherepourquoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whycomment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how*Be careful, there are several ways to say what in French. Practice Essential French Vocabulary Essential French quizCrossword puzzleWord seek More essential French 100 essential French wordsEssential French gesturesEssential French grammarEssential French phrasesEssential French verbsEssential French for travelersHow to say ___ in French For more in-depth study, check out French for Beginners.

Human wk8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human wk8 - Essay Example Reeve (2009) states that identity plays a part in what people want to present to the world. How one perceived themselves, and how they will cope with a situation is self-efficacy. This becomes a motivating factor in situations where one has to deal with different situations. As an example, in my case, when dealing with difficulties in my life, I was able to overcome them because I could draw on my past experience. My self-esteem helped me "hang in there" when times were tough and this also helped in my developing an inner strength. I understand that how I have lived my life has given an opportunity for me to understand my inner strength. An individual is motivated to change when they are strong in themselves. Agency, the aspect of the self that provides the intrinsic motivation, is built as people go through life experience. Reeve (2009) states that this intrinsic motivation is what drives the individual. In order for change to occur, an individual must have something that will push them to it. This can be a death, a divorce or other traumatic situation, or the individual can move forward because there is something that motivates them to do so, such as a need to make more money or to develop different aspects of their lives. References Reeve. J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th ed.). CA: Wiley. Assignment 3 My final project will discuss the education of teens in Liberia with an emphasis on female teens. The project will also discuss some of the history of education and what teens need in terms of education. As I continue my research, I wonder how these children will be motivated to change their lives. When thinking about self-efficacy theory, it is important to understand how social issues deal with this theory. The new president of Liberia has made the education of female children a priority. In order to understand the reason one has to look deeper into what has happened for these teens. Many girls have had to fight in their civil war. Other g irls have also been victims of rape, abuse and other criminal activity against them. The challenge for many children in this type of situation is to overcome these situations. Many will go to counseling and this may be something that would need to be factored into part of their education. When looking at behavior change for these children I think that they must first have an intrinsic need to change. This would come from a deep understanding that they could move out of any negative situation. According to Johnson (2004), behavior change comes when a situation happens that creates a feeling inside an individual that moves them forward. When I look at my own teenagers, I undersand that they do not change their behavior until they find a need to change their behavior. As an example, my girls used to fight between them until one of my girls felt they were hurting the other one's feelings. When this hit home for them, they began to get a long better. My children understand that there are other ways to work out their differences. When I think about the teenagers in Liberia, I understand that there needs to be a reason for them to change. The challenge may be that they have not had the experiences to move them to behavior change. However, through education, they may find a reason. The knowledge of self-efficacy theory will help me become more motivated to help teens in whatever country I decide to teach in. In order to motivate myself, I have an intrinsic

Masculinity and Fight Club Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Masculinity and Fight Club - Research Paper Example Palahniuk, the author of Fight Club, recognizes that the concept of internalized oppression continually implies the likelihood of ones somehow transcending or mastering the admittedly deeply oppressive system by which the main characters are articulated as a sexed subject. Masculinity allows Palahniuk to unveil problems and weaknesses of pop culture and place a modern man in this new society. The main character, an unnamed narrator, suffers from depression and anxiety caused by poor job conditions and low salary. It assumes that a line of demarcation can be clearly drawn between tyranny and liberation, between inside and outside, and works to reify these binary oppositions. To some extend, fatally mortgaged to bourgeois individualism, it insists (like so many twelve-step programs) that one can obtain a cure by an act of will (which looks to me far more like an act of repression). Thesis The theme of masculinity helps the author to depict the culture of violence, cruelty and oppression created by pop culture and its values. For as the narrative makes clear, the sexual identity is finally revealed to be fictive, which is to say, strictly relational and dependent upon the roles assigned the participants by a particular scenario. The narrator describes his state as: â€Å"This week the insomnia is back. Insomnia, and now the whole world figures to stop by and take a dump on my grave â€Å"(Palahniuk 1999, p. 88). In becoming a spectacle, â€Å"another man,† the main character accedes to the new economy of desire that insists on the unique nature of identities. It also bears witness to the vexed relation between the political and the sexual in American culture and the fact that queer identities at once disrupt the binary opposition between the public and the private and reinforce the belief that the private is the central determining feature, not just of subjectivity, but of the social as well (Connell, 2005). The symbol of the fight club is the main image of masculinity

Greater happiness for a greater number Essay Example for Free

Greater happiness for a greater number Essay 1. Major strengths and weaknesses of this goal. a.   Major Strengths I think that the definition of happiness presented in the lecture is simple and elegant.   In addition, I think that the very attempt to address the issue of happiness is necessary and should really form the basis of psychology. b.   Major Weaknesses While I agree that psychology should have happiness as the optimal mental state from which to address patient’s mental health issues, I think there are some weaknesses in the approach to determine how to get clients—or people in general, to understand exactly what constitutes happiness. 2. Major personal insights gained After reviewing the lecture materials and much thought, I found it interesting that the approach to happiness is limited only to â€Å"physical† considerationswhen it is evident that people who have all the physical comforts and advantages are not the most happy. 3. Personal and professional application (if any) of some of the content. a. Personal application of some of the content While I consider myself a happy person, I think it is primarily from the standpoint of being fortunate to have met my physical needs (positive environment, life experiences, status, possessions). However, I’m becoming more aware that these things do not exclusively determine happiness. b. Professional application of some of the content    I am concerned that while all the approaches fail by analogy to define man as an animal, they still call him one. Man isn’t simply an animal. Why?   Animals lack the ability to have, express and satisfy these needs (e.g., an animal can’t compose a symphony, or create art).   Also, animals do not kill or create problems for other animals for reasons of envy, hate or jealousy—only human beings do.   I intend to consider the content, but to research and possibly assist to develop new ideas about how to assist individuals address their needs by first understanding that they are already complete human beings—no matter their circumstances, who simply seek various ways to express themselves. Until we understand this we can’t help society. 4. React to major areas of interest After some thought about Freud and Maslow’s approaches I began to feel that the flaws in these two approaches permeate all approaches to a â€Å"model† of happiness. All major approaches are devoid of spirituality, or the idea that man is more than an animal with physical needs. I feel that man is a spiritual being that is fulfilling or expressing himself, through his body, based on higher-level needs. I feel that this approach keeps individuals unhappy.   Why?   We perpetuate the myth that only through obtaining physical things, or outside circumstances can we achieve happiness.   I want to make positive psychology the cornerstone of my clinical approach, and use coaching models compatible with an area I feel needs more exploration: how to impact people suffering from pain, to increase their happiness potential regardless of their â€Å"physical† (social, economic, etc.) circumstances.

The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War Essay -- essays

The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the South's economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However, only a small percentage of the slave population enlisted in either army. The concept of using slaves as soldiers was hardly revolutionary. Blacks had served our country with honor and bravery since the country's earliest days. Not only did the black troops fight for the United States, but also for England. The British crown used their heads and made an agreement which would help them draft slave troops. This was a chance for emancipation of slaves who fought against their masters. African Americans were active prior to the start of the war. The Boston Massacre was an event which created a want for independence. On March 5, 1770, the British troops stationed on King Street in Boston were confronted with an uprising and began shooting into the crowd(Davis 206). Crispus Attucks, a black man, led the 1770 uprising against British troops that resulted in the Boston Massacre. It is alleged that he cried out, "Don't be afraid!" as he led the crowd of protesters against armed British...

Performance Appraisal: a Critical Review

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: A CRITICAL REVIEW Abstract: Performance appraisal is used in many organizations in order to assess the performance of their employees. But there are some issues and problems that are associated with performance appraisal can have negative impacts on the performance of employees and can make it useless. These issues and problems are: absence of objective criteria, gender issues, rater’s bias, social and ethnic issues. And there are empirical research evidences that are very much consistent with the problems and issues I identified before. But performance appraisal should not be abandoned due to the problems mentioned above. Its can prove very effective if used by trained appraisers in a constructive manner using objective criteria against which the performance of the appraisee to be checked. It not only reviews the performance of an employee but also helps to identify training and development needs of the appraise. Introduction: In organizations, there are some formal and informal methods of performance assessment, and performance appraisal is one of the most widely used formal methods of the assessment of performance. Performance appraisal is also a valuable tool of performance management in organizations as CIPD describes that:†Performance appraisal is an important part of performance management. In itself it is not performance management, but it is one of the range of tools that can be used to manage performance† (CIPD, 2008). CIPD (2008) describes that performance appraisal essentially provides an opportunity to the appraisees and appraiser to review and discuss, in a constructive manner, the performance of the appraisee and possible reasons and determinants of his or her bad performance in a one on one meeting. It also provides an opportunity to them to identify and set objectives regarding training and development for the future and to reach an agreement about the possible actions required getting those objectives and the support the individual or appraisee expects from the manager. If performance appraisal is conducted in a sensitive and constructive manner, then it can establish a positive relationship between the individuals and the line managers. Aims and objectives of performance appraisal: There are some clear aims and objectives for conducting performance appraisal in organizations, and these objectives are listed and described below: 1. One purpose of conducting a performance appraisal is to exercise organizational control 2. The main purpose of a performance appraisal system is to review the performance of individuals over a period of time 3. Performance appraisal is also aimed at finding out that the appraisee is productive or not. 4. One purpose of performance appraisal is to review the actual performance of an employee against the set objectives or desired standards. 5. Another important objective of conducting a performance appraisal is to find training and development needs of the appraisee. 6. One purpose is to identify the type of support the appraisee expects from the management in order to meet those training and development needs. Key elements of performance appraisal: CIPD (2008) has described following five key elements of performance appraisal: 1. Measurement – individual’s performance is assessed against agreed standards and objectives. 2. Feedback – the individual or appraisee is provided information on his performance and progress after the performance has been assessed. . Positive reinforcement – the appraiser recognises the good performance and make constructive criticism about the aspects of performance where there is a need of improvement. 4. Exchange of views – there is a dialogue between the appraiser and the appraisee about the outcomes of the assessment, and how appraisees can improve their per formance, the support they need from their managers to achieve this and their aspirations for their future career. 5. Agreement – an agreement is reached by all parties about what needs to be done to improve performance and issues are overcome. Problems with performance appraisal: Having described the definition, objectives, and the key elements of performance appraisal, we move on to problems or dilemmas with performance appraisal. Performance appraisal is considered a way or tool of motivation and enhancing morale and it is also assumed that appraisal will lead to an improvement in performance or performance will decrease without appraisal. (Grint, 1995). But it can also lead to negative effects on performance and motivation and leaves the apprsisee with negative feelings such as inferiority, bitterness, depression and some other negative feelings (Ridly, 1995). On the part of the appraiser, there are some dilemmas and difficulties that the appraiser faces in the course of performance appraisal process. One of these is the subjectivity of the appraiser that cannot be completely avoided in spite of efforts. Another important dilemma faced by the appraiser is to play both the roles of a judge and a facilitator at the same time as Fiona Wilson (2002) and many other including McGregor (1957), and Fletcher and Williams (1985) have described this problem. One of the aims of performance appraisal is to identify training and development needs of the employees. In order to do so, the appraiser is assumed to judge the gaps between the desired performance and the actual performance by assessing the performance of the employee against a set of objective standards, this not always possible to have objective criteria available, as Fiona Wilson (2002) describes that: â€Å"If staff development is the aim then the temptation is to search for inadequacies in the appraisee’s performance. In order to act as judge the appraiser needs criteria with which to judge, yet the subjective evaluation and trait oriented criteria for evaluating performance have been recognised as a central problem. Objective criteria against which to assess staff are difficult to achieve and are going to be judgmental to some degree. Counseling does not usually involve making any judgments but allows the person to reflect on performance and make their own judgments†. There is an increase in the use of 360-degree feedback in organizations as Bruce and Ira Kay have noted that:† The use of 360-degree feedback has grown dramatically in recent years. According to HR consulting firm William M. Mercer, 40 percent of companies used 360-degree feedback in 1995; b 2000, this figure jumped to 65 percent† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). But there are also some serious issues associated with 360 degree feedback and it is assumed that it can have some negative effects on performance and can hurt the appraise as Bruce and Ira Kay (2002) have quoted Watson Wyatt’s human capital index study which found that the use of 360-degree feedback is associated with a decrease in shareholder value. Bruce and Ira also quoted the other findings of Watson Wyatt’s HCI study and described that:†Watson Wyatt's 2001 HCI report revealed that companies using 360-degree feedback have lower market value. According to the study, companies that use peer review have a market value that is 4. 9 percent lower than similarly situated companies that don't use peer review. Likewise, companies that allow employees to evaluate their managers are valued 5. 7 percent lower than similar firms that don't† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). Ghorpade (Ghorpade quoted in Bruce & Ira, 2002), a professor of management at San Diego State University, reported that only one-third studies out of 600 feedback studies found improvement in performance and one-third found a decrease in performance and rest of them found no effects. Bruce and Ira (2002) have also identified some other issues and problems with 360-feedback such as: lack of training, and the costs of 360-degree feedback. Arvey and Murphy(1998) have described the issues around the costs of measures of performance as well: â€Å"A discussion of the relative costs of alternative performance measures was provided by Stone et al (1996). As an alternative to a more expensive â€Å"hands-on† performance measure, a low-cost, readily available measure of performance was developed for Air Force specialty jobs using an existing data base that rank-ordered individuals. More research is needed to explore the relative advantages of low-fidelity and low-cost performance measures. Conceivably the relative value of such instruments might be better than more highly specific, high-fidelity instruments if relatively molar decisions are being made about individuals (e. g. promote versus not-promote, high versus low performance)† Subjective and objective Evaluation: The main problem and issue associated with performance appraisal may be the subjective evaluation and absence of objective criteria against which the performance of the individual is to be assessed. Subjective evaluation may result in devastating effects on the performance of the individual or the appraisee. As Longenecker et al. (1987) have noted that the appraisers sometimes intentionally distort and manipulate appraisal for political purposes. Subjective measures of performance sometime lead to biasness on the part of the rater and result in negative effects on performance. But Arvey and Murphy (1998) have reviewed a research conducted by Bommer et al in 1995, and described that Bommer et al assessed the relationships between relatively objective and subjective measures of employee performance. He used meta-analytic techniques to summarize the relationships for over 50 independent samples, and found that the two measures were significantly related. Bias on the part of line manager or the appraiser or rater can result in negative effects on performance. Arvey & Murphy (1998) write that many studies have focused on the potential biases of supervisors that occour as a result of their likings and disliking about their subordinates. But recent studies show that affective influences on ratings may not represent rating biases. Vera et al (quoted in Arvey & Murphy, 1998) presented evidence that supports this argument. Arvey and Murphy (1998) quoted a study in their paper conducted by Schrader and Steiner in 1996, and described that: â€Å"They hypothesized that ratings in which employees are evaluated against clear and specific objective standards will differ from those in which such objective criteria are not specified and the standards are ambiguous. Results supported this proposition. However, ratings made when using internal, relative, or multiple standards of comparison were not terribly different from those made under the more objective conditions both in terms of mean differences and supervisor-self agreement. Thus, a conclusion that employee standards that involve objective and specific standards against which to evaluate individuals are the one â€Å"best† method seems premature given the results of this study† Ethnic, Social and Gender Issues: There are some gender, and social issues in terms of bias and subjectivity related to performance appraisals. Societal stereotypes may cause the appraisers to be biased against women and minorities. In 1996, Woehr & Roch (quoted in Arvey & Murphy, 1998) studied the effects of prior evaluations that were different in terms of performance and ratee gender on subsequent evaluations and on recall of a male or female of average performance. Results suggested that both the performance level and the gender of the target ratee's prior evaluation affected the subsequent rating. Relatively low performance for the prior target influenced subsequent evaluations differentially for male and female target ratees and males were given higher evaluations than females. Another study conducted by Ford et al (quoted in Arvey and Murphy, 1998) conducted a meta-analysis across 53 studies, and found that that blacks receive slightly lower performance scores than whites on both subjective and objective measures of performance. Arvey and Murphy reviewed a study conducted by Kraiger and Ford in 1985, and wrote that: â€Å"Kraiger & Ford (1985) conducted a meta-analysis of 74 studies across field and laboratory settings and concluded that an interaction effect existed: White raters rate white ratees higher than black ratees, whereas black raters evaluated black ratees higher than white ratees. Moderator effects were found also for group composition and research setting: Effect sizes increased as the proportion of blacks in the group decreased, and field studies generated larger effect sizes than laboratory studies. †(1998). These are the problems and issues that make a person think if the performance appraisal should be abandoned or not. In my opinion, performance appraisal should not be abandoned because of the problems and issues associated with it, if it is used carefully in an objective and constructive manner, it can prove a useful tool in motivating, developing and enhancing the performance of an employee. Bruce and Ira have also tried to answer this question: â€Å"Despite these drawbacks, there are good reasons not to give up on 360-degree feedback. The process still holds the potential to deepen employees' understanding of their own performance. And, it may be able to help companies create value by better aligning job performance with business strategy. The question is this: Can 360-degree feedback be implemented in such a way that it achieves these benefits without negatively affecting the bottom line? Based on our analysis–and conversations with clients– we believe the following steps may help companies transform 360-degree feedback into a value creator, not destroyer. Implement 360-degree feedback for the right reasons. â€Å"The first thing you need to ask is why you're doing it,† says Paul Rumely, a New York-based executive coach, If you can't articulate a strong business case for a 360-degree feedback program, it should not be introduced† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). Training can be very useful in enhancing the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems and can equip the raters with essential knowledge and skills to cope with the problems and issues associated with performance appraisals in work settings. Bruce and Ira suggest that: â€Å"Train people in giving and receiving feedback. Companies that implement 360-degree feedback without first checking and developing managers' feedback skills risk serious damage to teamwork and morale. Providing constructive feedback takes instruction, training and practice. †(Bruce & Ira, 2002). They also write that: â€Å"While training individuals to give and receive feedback may temporarily increase the expense associated with 360-degree feedback programs, the gains will outweigh the higher costs as the feedback delivered to participants becomes more focused, targeting the behaviors most closely associated with value creation and destruction. Ultimately, the goal should be to create a culture in which individuals feel comfortable giving and receiving feedback–both positive and negative–on a real–time basis, rather than waiting for an annual review† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). Assessment of performance of employees is essential to the process of performance management in organizations, and a performance appraisal not only assess or review the performance of an employee but also identify training and development needs of the employee, and is an important need of organizations. As Fiona Wilson has also stressed: â€Å"Given these difficulties identified in the literature, it may be tempting to abandon any hope of finding fair assessment of performance. Yet, there is still a need for control, accountability, assessment and staff development in organizations. Bias is difficult to overcome but can an individual give feedback on performance without that feedback being construed as negative and can staff be developed? One way to achieve this is to design an appraisal scheme where the emphasis is on development, to use a ‘safe’ approach, which recognises achievements and supports professional development and avoids the issue of accuracy and rating of performance† (Fiona Wilson, 2002).

Childhood experiences Essay

The quality and type of relationships differ between individuals:some are happy with long term-relationships, others prefer more temporary, less passionate relationships. Some individuals seem ‘lucky in love’, while others seem to struggle to maintain a long term stable relationship. Bowlby (1951) believed that the type of quality of relationship that individuals have with their primary caregivers provides the foundation for adult relationships by forming an internal working model hat acts as a template for all future relationships. This is the Continuity Hypothesis, the belief that similar relationships will occur as an adult. One theory that is thought to affect someones future relationships is the attachment styles a child can develop. These Attachment styles are determined by Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation experiment, where a child is either Secure attachment, Insecure-resistant attachment or Insecure-avoidant attachment type. It is believed attachment style provides children with a set of beliefs about themselves and others and the nature of relationships. The Continuity Hypothesis sees attachment as a main factor as predicting the nature of adult relationships. Therefore, someone who is securely attached as an infant will have similar relationships throughout life. This is Theory is supported by the study of HAZAN & SHAVER (1987). The experiment consisted of a ‘love quiz’ questionnaire that was published in a newspaper. The questions were designed to classify and individual as one of Ainsworth’s attachment type. The questionnaire also included q’s which aimed to assess the pps childhood relationships with their caregivers, and their romantic experiences in their life. Results showed that attachment type that individual had shown as a child was related to how they felt about adult relationships. Showed secure attachment types in childhood were more likely to enjoy secure relationships as an adult. Those with insecure-avoidant found it more hard to trust people in an adult relationship. Those with  insecure-resistant were more likely to feel anxious in adult relationships and find it hard to get as close to them as they wanted. As a result they concluded that relationships formed with parents during childhood affect relationships in adulthood. However this study does have issues with reliability as it is based on self-report data which is subjective. Furthermore the data is also retrospective further reducing reliability of the study. Also because the study relied on volunteer sampling, so the sample they have may not be truly representative of the population. However there are contradicting results in experiments done on the effect of attachment type on adult relationships as STEELE et al. (1998) found a small correlation of 0.17 between having a secure attachment type in childhood and early adulthood. This is also true for the study of RUTTER et al. (1999) who reported that individuals without secure attachments to their parents went on to secure stable relationships contradicting the findings of HAZAN & SHAVER. It is also believed that interaction with peers during childhood also influences later adult relationships. Peers become more influential as children progress into adulthood, playing a significant role in individuals becoming independent adults, helping develop social skills including those needed for adult relationships. GARNETT(2007) suggests that friendships during childhood give opportunities to develop skills needed to form successful adult relationships including: how to resolve conflict and how to take on different roles needed in relationships. COLLINS VAN DULMAN (2006) supports this theory and also suggests that relationships with peers give individuals the opportunity to learn behaviours and expectations involved in adult relationships. Supporting the idea that experiences during childhood and adolescence influence the quality of adult relationships. However some believed that it is difficult to measure the impact of a childs peer relationships on adult relationships, as there is a need to differentiate between having friends, who the friends are and the quality of each of the relationships, making it hard to identify the direct influence each of these factors has on quality of adult relationships. Furthermore it is thought that children who have witnessed unstable relationships between their parents and others around them will be influenced by this and thus influences their adult relationships. Studies have shown that people who experienced parental divorce during childhood have more negative attitudes towards relationships than those who didn’t experience parental divorce. These negative attitudes include being less optimistic about having a successful relationship, feeling less trustful of partners, having more favourable attitudes towards divorce and more negative attitude towards marriage. SILVESTRI (1991) supports this notion as he found that having divorced parents significantly increased an individuals own chances of getting divorced. JOHNSTON and THOMAS provide an explanation for this suggesting that this could be because individuals model their behaviour on their parents behaviours. Linking back to bowlbys theory that children form an internal working model as to how relationships should be whilst not only being in a dysfunctional relationship themselves but observing these dysfunctional relationships too. However this theory cannot be generalised to the entire population as there are a large amount of people who experience divorce during childhood but still go on to have successful adult relationships. Thus proving that their must be many other factors that can influence the long term effects. Also research into this area of how divorce effects a child’s adult relationships can be used to minimise the effect of divorce on children. To conclude it seems that there is sufficient evidence to support bowlbys theory that early childhood experiences both being involved in relationships and observations of parents to does to some extent play a role in affecting their adult relationships. However due to the causal nature of much of the studies related to this area means that it can be difficult to establish what the true cause and effects are of early childhood experiences or whether it is other factors that are contributing to this, supported by the contradicting results of many studies in this area. Furthermore attachment theories are somewhat deterministic, perceiving childhood/peer attachments as causing later adult relationships. However it is likely that other factors are influential such as the different attachment types other people  bring to the relationship. e.g if a insecurely attached person can have a secure relationship if they are in a relationship with a securely attached person.

Threat of Anne Hutchinson essays

Threat of Anne Hutchinson essays Anne Hutchinson went against the assumptions of what women should do in her time. She held meetings in her home giving her views of her extremist Puritan beliefs, which many were against. Anne Hutchinson was the same type of threat to the Massachusetts Bay colony just like any other antinomian, except she was much more influential, thus more dangerous than many other individual previous antinomians. Deputy Governor testimony accused Hutchinson of being an antinomian. He stated, ...Mrs. Hutchinson hat so forestalled the minds of many by their resort to her meeting that now she hath a potent party in the country. Now if all these things have endangered us as from that foundation and if she particular hath disparaged all our ministers in the land that they have preached a covenant of works, and only Mr. Cotton a covenant of grave, why this is not to be suffered... He was accusing her of exactly what antinomian, who were also called Puritan extremists. The ministers and church held most of government power in Massachusetts Bay colonies around that time in the mid 1600s. Having been accused of being an antinomian, she was trying to overthrow the power of the ministers, thus trying to overthrow the government as well, which is a threat the community in that time and place. Several ministers stated that Hutchinson had come and accused all of them, except John Cotton, of preachin g covenant of works, which supports what Deputy Governor claimed. Although Anne Hutchinson denied this allegations, it seems that the Governor still took these testimonies against her, because the words of a minister werent considered to be anything but the truth to those who followed their religion and were not antinomians. Mr. Cotton had to testify. Although he tried to defend Hutchinson, because of how she saw him as the only good minister among those she was talking to. Her words did make him feel uncomfortable in fr ...

Battle of Coochs Bridge in the American Revolution

Battle of Cooch's Bridge in the American Revolution Battle of Coochs Bridge - Conflict Date: The Battle of Coochs Bridge was fought September 3, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Battle of Coochs Bridge - Armies Commanders: Americans General George WashingtonBrigadier General William Maxwell450 men British General Sir William HoweLieutenant General Lord Charles CornwallisLieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb293 men Battle of Coochs Bridge - Background: Having captured New York in 1776, British campaign plans for the following year called for Major General John Burgoynes army to advance south from Canada with the goal of capturing the Hudson Valley and severing New England from the rest of the American colonies.   In commencing his operations, Burgoyne hoped that General Sir William Howe, the overall British commander in North America, would march north from New York City to support the campaign.   Uninterested in advancing up the Hudson, Howe instead set his sights on taking the American capital at Philadelphia.   To do so, he planned to embark the bulk of his army and sail south. Working with his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, Howe initially hoped to ascend the Delaware River and land below Philadelphia.   An assessment of the river forts in the Delaware deterred the Howes from this line of approach and they instead decided to sail further south before moving up the Chesapeake Bay.   Putting to sea in late July, the British were hampered by poor weather.   Though aware of Howes departure from New York, the American commander, General George Washington, remained in the dark regarding the enemys intentions.   Receiving sighting reports from along the coast, he increasingly determined that the target was Philadelphia.   As a result, he began moving his army south in late August.   Battle of Coochs Bridge - Coming Ashore: Moving up the Chesapeake Bay, Howe started landing his army at Head of Elk on August 25.   Moving inland, the British began concentrating their forces before beginning the march northeast toward Philadelphia.   Having encamped at Wilmington, DE, Washington, along with Major General Nathanael Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette, rode southwest on August 26 and reconnoitered the British from atop Iron Hill.   Assessing the situation, Lafayette recommended employing a force of light infantry to disrupt the British advance and give Washington time to choose suitable ground for blocking Howes army.   This duty normally would have fallen to Colonel Daniel Morgans riflemen, but this force had been sent north to reinforce Major General Horatio Gates who was opposing Burgoyne.   As a result, a new command of 1,100 handpicked men was quickly assembled under the leadership of Brigadier General William Maxwell. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Moving to Contact: On the morning of September 2, Howe directed Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to depart Cecil County Court House with the right wing of the army and move east toward Aikens Tavern.   This march was slowed by poor roads and foul weather.   The next day, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis was ordered to break camp at Head of Elk and join Knyphausen at the tavern.   Advancing east over different roads, Howe and Cornwallis reached Aikens Tavern ahead of the delayed Hessian general and elected to turn north without waiting for the planned rendezvous.   To the north, Maxwell had positioned his force south of Coochs Bridge which spanned the Christina River as well as sent a light infantry company south to set an ambush along the road. Battle of Coochs Bridge - A Sharp Fight: Riding north, Cornwallis advance guard, which was comprised of a company of Hessian dragoons led by Captain Johann Ewald, fell into Maxwells trap.   Springing the ambush, the American light infantry broke up the Hessian column and Ewald retreated to obtain aid from Hessian and Ansbach jgers in Cornwallis command.   Advancing,  jgers led by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb engaged the Maxwells men in a running fight north.   Deploying in a line with artillery support, Wurmbs men attempted to pin the Americans in place with bayonet charge in the center while sending a force to turn Maxwells flank.   Recognizing the danger, Maxwell continued to slowly retreat north towards the bridge (Map). Reaching Coochs Bridge, the Americans formed to make a stand on the east bank of the river.   Increasingly pressed by Wurmbs men, Maxwell retreated across the span to a new position on the west bank.   Breaking off the fight, the  jgers occupied nearby Iron Hill.   In an effort to take the bridge, a battalion of British light infantry crossed the river downstream and began moving north.   This effort was badly slowed by swampy terrain.   When this force finally arrived, it, along with the threat posed by Wurmbs command, compelled Maxwell to depart the field and retreat back to Washingtons camp outside Wilmington, DE. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Aftermath: Casualties for the Battle of Coochs Bridge are not known with certainty but are estimated at 20 killed and 20 wounded for Maxwell and 3-30 killed and 20-30 wounded for Cornwallis.   As Maxwell moved north, Howes army continued to be harassed by American militia forces.   That evening, Delaware militia, led by Caesar Rodney, struck the British near Aikens Tavern in a hit-and-run attack.   Over the next week, Washington marched north with the intention of blocking Howes advance near Chadds Ford, PA.   Taking a position behind the Brandywine River, he was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11.   In the days after the battle, Howe succeeded in occupying Philadelphia.   An American counterattack on October 4 was turned back at the Battle of Germantown.   The campaign season ended later that fall with Washingtons army going into winter quarters at Valley Forge.            Selected Sources DAR: Battle of Coochs BridgePHAA: Battle of Coochs BridgeHMDB: Battle of Coochs Bridge

Cardio-vascular Diseases (CVDs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cardio-vascular Diseases (CVDs) - Essay Example This report is made with a view to analyze the important aspects of heart disease with clear examinations of the biochemical, body-functional and symptomatic areas of the disease and the presently available treatment models for the better understanding of all cardio-vascular disorders. Biochemistry of the Disease The defective condition of the heart results in the inferior level of blood flow with a considerably deficit in the supply of oxygen to body cells, and the impact of such a serious lack of the life giving gas results in the damage of the functioning of the brain in some cases. Cardiovascular illness can be attributed to a set of health issues occurring when the fitness of the circulatory system stars declining due to various health disorders. In the biochemical angle, heart disease is grouped into different categories such as arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, angina, heart attack and stroke. The condition of arteriosclerosis occurs when the arteries harden enough to lose th eir flexibility to carry blood proportionately. Atherosclerosis is the thickening of the interior walls of the arteries which results in the diminished blood supply quantity. Also, when the heart doesn’t get enough blood for the functioning, it piles up pains in the chest and this condition is called angina. Clotting of blood or other obstacles in the blood circulation creates partial flow of the blood, which results in heart attacks. The most dangerous of all the conditions is the insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain cells, and it causes strokes which can be partial or complete paralysis of the body in a permanent way. The identified reasons for the cardiovascular disease are hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking in most of the cases. The risk factors gradually contribute to the oxidation and arterial inflammation which in the gradual course result in the formation of fibroids or fatty lesions in the arterial interiors. Although there is assumption that genetically transmitted reasons can increase the risk of heart disease, personal healthcare disorder stands as the phenomenal cause for the illness of many people. The disease is diagnosed with the presence of inflammatory CRP (C-reactive protein) and the cardiac myofilament protein troponin which can directly cause heart failure (HF). As Scott points out, although the presence of calcium suppresses the HF, hypertension causes cardiac hypertrophy and permanent loss of cardiac cells. The protein synthesis that occurs with the oxidation process in the arteries results in the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque and a resultant HF. As a results, monocytes stick to the endothelian cells and gradually cause the blockage of arteries with CD36 and SR-A (Scott). The continuous process of plaque weakening has an increased risk of initiating platelet recruitment which may even result in the production of sarcomeric proteins, an immediate cause of death. In all these conditions, the ult imate impact of the dysfunctions is reflected in the weakening of the cardiovascular cells to a fatal condition. Body systems Heart disease and body systems have a peripheral relationship in every angle, as the circulatory system is the life guard of the entire body cells. It is