Racism Is A Relic Of The Past - 1102 Words

In recent years the #blacklivesmatter movement has been effective in bringing attention to anti-black racism in America; however, the commonly held understanding of racism, in particular how it is executed and its consequenses on the black community, has not evolved much from the past. News outlets and social media seems to present a thorough definition of racism and its consequences; racism is a white police officer beating or shooting a black teen, a white presidential candidate spewing racial slurs during his campaign or perhaps it looks like a white cooking show TV host who admits to having used the n-word. Media is prepared to bring up conspicuous prejudice and discrimination every time it occurs; perpetuating the thought that generally racism is a relic of the past. However, contemporary manifestations of racism and its effects are much more complex and deep than the depiction of racism in media suggests. Albeit race relations have amended significantly since the last century, racism persists as a subtle indoctrination even within the black community. â€Å"The blacker the berry the sweeter the juice† is a saying commonly used within the African-American community reflecting these indoctrinations. Although the origin of the phrase is unclear, the saying can be traced back to the novel The Blacker The Berry: A novel of negro Life written by Wallace Thurman in 1929. Thurman was one of the first to use the saying as a way to straightforwardly speak on the issues of colorismShow MoreRelatedOppression : Racism And Sexism949 Words   |  4 PagesOppression thrives in America because a majority of its citizens believes forms of oppression such as racism and sexism are relics of the past. What they do not know is that instead of disappearing, racism and sexism have just become so normalized in the United States to the point where people see them as just parts of everyday life. Institution are the rules and establishments put in place to help regulate p eoples’ life on a social and global scale. White, straight men have been creating these institutionsRead MoreRacism Against The Irish Racism861 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigate how racism against the Irish in Britain has changed since the nineteenth century to the modern day, and these causes of the initial prejudices and how they adjusted over time. To accomplish this, I will examine occurrences of anti-Irish racism in Britain from a variety of dates, and propose causes of the racist feelings though evidence of popular racist and colonialist theory at the time. Through this analysis, I hope this paper achieves a better understanding of how racism and prejudiceRead MoreAnalysis Of Racism In A Rose For Emily914 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Rose for Emily† was about how Emily Grierson was viewed as a relic that need to be preserved. The old generation allowed Emily to not pay her taxes because her father was someone important to the town, but the new generation wanted to change that. They sent many notices to her but they were not receiving any payments from her. I can connect this to a New York Times article, the article is called â€Å"Dove Drops an Ad Accused of Racism†, the article talks about how Dove and many other soap companiesRead MoreBritish Monarchy - Should They Stay or Should They Go? Yona Oshrat1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthe palaces as museums, hotels or restaurants. When people are forced to sleep on the streets, we cannot justify spending  £75,000,000 on a relic that serves no purpose. Thirdly, the monarchy encourages the continuation and acceptance of outdates traditions and beliefs. Apart from the image we project abroad of an outdated nation living in the past, it is a relic of an age which no person living in Britain should be proud of. The British empire signifies all that is wrong with society. Whilst BritainRead MoreRacial And Historical Context Of A Worn Path And A Rose For Emily883 Words   |  4 PagesFaulkner portrays the discrimination against African American’s. His use of literary characteristics and instrumental in the success of his primary expressive purpose in the story. In the novel the author highlights the racism. He portrays the slaves as a worker in the South. The racism that happens in the story denotes that the number of race-based prejudice, violent, discrimination, or oppression. In addition, the number of his primary determinant of traits and capacities and those racial differencesRead MoreEssay on Racism in America Today1316 Wor ds   |  6 PagesThe legacy of past racism directed at blacks in the United States is more like a bacillus that we have failed to destroy, a live germ that not only continues to make some of us ill but retains the capacity to generate new strains of a disease for which we have no certain cure. - Stanford Historian George Frederickson. The population of the United States of America has been one of mixed race since its very beginning. Boatload upon boatload of enslaved Africans provided a labor force which wouldRead MoreQuestionable Social Messages Spread by Disney864 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the past few decades, the media has been a very sturdy driving force in directing and controlling social beliefs and behaviours. This is explained in the New York Times opinion column, Its Racist, But Hey, Its Disney. Children are more vulnerable to the powers of the media. Disney movies are also a vehicle for spreading cultural notions, such as racism. This medium opens an avenue where children can be indoctrinated and pass questionable values on to following generations. Walt DisneyRead MoreA Rose For Emily Character Analysis934 Words   |  4 Pagescontribute makes Emily an unsympathetic character. The setting of the story takes place in a southern town named Jefferson which was in Mississippi. The town recently had left an age of slavery and racism. They were a post-civil war town. The entire town was trying to accommodate a new era where slavery and racism were viewed as an atrocity, an evil, and a sham. In addition, this town wasn’t entirely well established as we can see the story how they are just paving some sidewalks, and how they were puttingRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1713 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is defined as a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has the right to dominate others or that a particular racial group is inferior to the others (Olsen, 2014) While most white Americans acknowledge that racism is a problem in the United States, white people are half as likely as black peopl e to see it as a major problem. Three out of fourRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination in America Today Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdirect and truthful answer to that question is Racism. Despite all these accepted images of successful black people selling the idea that the color of a persons skin is irrelevant, racism still exists and will forever exist in America. It is a never-ending phenomenon that is ingrained in American life. Racism is America, just as America is built around the idea of racism. As the civil rights activist and scholar Derrick Bell would say, Racism is an integral, permanent, and indestructible component

Global Financing and Exchange Rate Free Essays

Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms March 07, 2009 Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Hard currencies are a currency, usually from a highly industrialized country, that is widely accepted around the world as a form of payment for goods and services. A hard currency is expected to remain relatively stable through a short period of time, and to be highly liquid in the forex market (Investopedia, 2009). The forex market is the largest, most liquid market in the world with an average traded value that exceeds $1. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Financing and Exchange Rate or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9 trillion per day and includes all of the currencies in the world. There is no central marketplace for currency exchange; trade is conducted over the counter. The forex market is open 24 hours a day, five days a week, and currencies are traded worldwide among the major financial centers of London, New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris and Sydney (Investopedia, 2009). Another criterion for a hard currency is that the currency must come from a politically and economically stable country. The U. S. dollar and the British pound are good examples of hard currencies (Investopedia, 2009). Soft currency is another name for â€Å"weak currency†. The values of soft currencies fluctuate often, and other countries do not want to hold these currencies due to political or economic uncertainty within the country with the soft currency. Currencies from most developing countries are considered to be soft currencies. Often, governments from these developing countries will set unrealistically high exchange rates, pegging their currency to a currency such as the U. S. dollar (Investopedia, 2009). Hard Currency is used in global financing operations by developed nations. Hard currency is easily traded and bartered throughout the world. Using hard currency ensures that there is an even playing field for all parties in the transaction. Hard currency is important in managing risks because â€Å"a company can counter an imminent devaluation by speeding up collections of receivables, postponing bill paying, and converting cash into hard currency† (Feist, Helly, Lu, 1999) . Another way that hard currency manages risks is by utilizing or adopting it, it is least likely to be a factor in the loss of funds. World organizations which invest internationally face the prospect of uncertainty in the returns after they convert the foreign gains back to their own currency. Unlike the past when most U. S. investors ignored international investing alternatives, investors today must recognize and understand exchange rate risk, which can be defined as the variability in returns on securities caused by currency fluctuations. Exchange rate risk is sometimes called currency risk. This risk is true for the nations also. For example if a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. This can lead to lot of speculation and also losses especially for weak economies. Moreover investors generally prefer hard currencies to soft currencies at times of increased inflation (or more precisely increased inflation differentials between countries), at times of heightened political or military risk, or when they feel that one or more government-imposed exchange rates are unrealistic. In some cases, an economy may choose to abandon local currency altogether and adopt a hard currency as legal tender. Examples include the adoption in Ecuador and Panama of the US dollar, and the adoption in Kosovo and Montenegro of first the German mark and later the euro. â€Å"Countries open to capital flows can adopt a wide range of arrangements, from free floating to a variety of crawling pegs with broad bands around them (under which the central exchange rate is frequently and marginally adjusted), as well as very hard pegs sustained by policy commitments such as currency boards, dollarization (or, more generally, the adoption of another foreign currency as legal tender), or membership in a currency union† (Finance Development, 2001). Hard pegs are defined as â€Å"In economics, a policy in which the authorities insist on some permanent, precise guarantee of the value of the local currency to some other thing: a unit measure of gold, the US dollar, the euro, or the pound. Historically, the US dollar had a hard peg to gold from 1946 to 1971, while other currencies in the developed world had a hard peg to the US dollar. Since 1971, most of the world’s money is in floating currency (whose relative value is set by the free market)† (Urban Dictionary). A floating currency is â€Å"A currency whose value is set by the currency markets; money whose exchange rate relative to other currencies is determined mainly or entirely by unrestricted trading in the currency. Most currencies are dirty float |dirty floats, which means that the government issuing them attempts to manage their traded value in some way; or else hard peg |hard pegs, in which the value is tied to something specific. When a currency is floating, then its value may rise because the county is running a trade surplus, or it is running a capital account surplus. Floating currencies are not fiat money, although they are often confused for each other† (Urban Dictionary). In some cases the US dollar is considered fiat money because it is deemed â€Å"money that (a) derives its value entirely from the mandate of the government, and (b) cannot be freely traded. Fiat money is not the same thing as floating currency, because if a floating currency is intrinsically worthless then its lack of worth will be reflected in the forex markets. Fiat money, on the other hand, does not require a disciplined monetary of fiscal policy on the part of the issuing authorities; exchange rates are fixed by decree, which means the state also controls supplies of hard (foreign) currency† (Urban Dictionary). â€Å"Times change, and a currency that is considered weak at one time may become stronger, and perceived as a hard currency later on. For example, the pound sterling was considered structurally weak and liable to depreciate (in real terms) for much of the post World War II period; now it is considered to have re-established fiscal and monetary soundness and to be strong. The U. S. dollar (USD) has been considered a strong currency in recent years, and importantly a safe-haven in times of international tension or war, but the USA has large fiscal and trade deficits and an unresolved problem that many Asian currencies are pegged to the dollar and therefore do not appreciate as their trade surpluses with the USA grow; some commentators believe that these considerations imply that the U. S. dollar will now enter a period of weakness, especially that there are signs that China may be relaxing the rate at which the yuan is pegged to the dollar† (Answers, 2007). Soft Currency is used in global operations by underdeveloped or unstable nations. Soft currency is also used as local currency like the Mexican peso. Soft currency is important in managing risks because it is a warning for companies to take proactive measures to reduce currency exchange losses. Soft pegs may lead speculation, which can be costly in industrialized countries, but are frequently harmful to emerging market countries, as in Latin America (Mexico and Ecuador), East Asia (Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia) and Turkey. The breakdown of soft pegs in emerging market countries is as damaging as it is because their debt structure is generally short term and is denominated in foreign currency. Thus a successful speculative attack leads to a sharp deterioration in balance sheets, which in turn leads to a financial crisis. Hard pegs may be desirable, particularly in countries whose political and monetary institutions are especially weak; they can used to stabilize the economy. However, hard pegs will not be successful in promoting a healthy economy unless government policies create the right institutional environment. Thus Pegging has typically been a way to substantiate the value of a local currency against the world’s convertible currencies and to stabilize the exchange rate. References Investopedia, (http://www. investopedia. com/terms/s/softcurrency. asp) Feist, William R. , Heely, James A. , Lu, Min H. (1999). Managing A Global Enterprise. , Greenwood Publishing Group. International Financial Management by Madhu vij Finance Development, (http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/06/fischer. htm) Urban Dictionary, (http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=hard%20peg) How to cite Global Financing and Exchange Rate, Papers

New Media Technologies Have Blurred the Lines between Media Consumers

Question: Drawing on relevant research critically discuss how new media technologies have blurred the lines between media consumers and media producers. How has this phenomenon impacted on media audience research? Answer: Introduction New media technologies can be considered as any such type of application that transfers information with the help of computerized systems or digital techniques or data networks. This technology was initially established in the 20th century and was then primarily associated with the transfer of information in a more manipulative manner (Courtois, Verdegem and De Marez, 2012). Most of the form of this technology is extremely interactive and contains such data design that is compressed and would be accessed in different markets. Some of the most common instances of this new media technology comprises of Internet-based concepts such as websites and other digital mediums such as CD-ROMs and DVDs (Craig A. Cunningham, 2009). The old media such as television, film and paper based products are not included in the ambit of new media. This concept of new media technology commenced during the 1960s (Puppis, 2010). As the modern computer technology started the exchange of information through the medium gradually started becoming a very powerful application. This media technology is used by the artists and designers to discover new concepts and create new things in this field such as new video games or digital artwork (Pierson, Mante-Meijer and Loos, 2011). The use of such technologies started becoming more prevalent in the 1980s and it replaced the other traditional mediums by the implementation of the computers and video game systems. In accordance to the standards of new media technology there are common elements existing in the modern mediums. In contemporary times since technology is available in almost all corners of the world the geographic distance has lessened. The communication level as well as the speed has increased with the help of the internet. Moreover, the level of exchange in information has helped the users to adapt the new technologies and supply input. The concept of old and new media To critically discuss the topic how new media technologies have blurred the lines between the media producers and media consumers, one thing is clear enough that an understandable difference between old and new media should be illustrated on the very initial part of the discussion. Old media consists of mostly radio, print, movies, television and their presence within the societies and human lives was restricted to a small number of places (Fischer, 2010). For instance, radio and television are invented long back and use to be the main technology aspects in the residences. Initially movies were enjoyed in theatres until DVD players and VCRs brought the facilities to enjoy the movies into homes. The closest item to a transportable mass medium was reading a paper or book on a travel to and from work (Len-Ros, 2011). Nevertheless, new media are considered as more social and personal than older media that generates an inconsistency. New media concurrently connect and separate media consu mers. As a whole it can be said that a shift from analogue to digital technology is the new media. Various different terminologies are applied when people discuss about new media. These include online media, digital media, personal media and social media. Characteristics of different media; source: (Deitel, Deitel and Nieto, 2000). The terminology new media itself is critiqued for setting up an artificial dichotomy between old and new (Ross, 2010). The technological advancement to set the media as new media has been in the process of improvement since many years and also it has no last limit (Deitel, Deitel and Nieto, 2000). Various in innovations make the new media more novel and fresh and this process in continuing. So, it is also a matter of concern whether people can accept already existing new media as old or oldest as new innovations are in line. For instance the internet is present in its own capacity since past forty years and the World Wide Web made internet more accessible to the crowds (Anderson, 2014). Now, it can be said that the term new assist public to understand few main technological alterations from old media forms and also says that the new media forms are current and future oriented, as technology and media are developing faster constantly than before (Deitel, Deitel and Nieto, 2000). So, a gain what is an innovation today may not be accepted new within a week. In spite of rapid technological development, compatibility associated with multiple platforms ironically permits for some constancy. Whereas, innovative technology frequently made the analogue media products and devices outdated, the new media format stays same even as updated and newer gadgets with which to access digital media become obtainable. Important to innovative media is considered as the idea of technical convergence (Chambers, 2011). Mostly new media are digital and the current digitization of old media permits new media to freely circulate and be played or accessed or read by any of the digital media platform with no requirement for conversion. This can be illustrated with an example, records cannot be played in a cassette tape player or VHS cassette tapes cannot be played in a DVD player. Similarly, while machines which print words and human eyes are the encoding and decoding tools required to conne ct with the analogue structures of print media, people can read printed text books or can read printed material on a system, or on a Smartphone, i-pad, e-reader or different other handheld gadgets (Kendall, 2008). Another characteristic of this new media is blurring of lines between the media consumers and media producers as individual media consumers now pose a more personal association with the media. Personal media The term personal media is used as the media users are free to select the content of the media to which they wish to get exposed, to produce their personal content, to share their content with others, to link or comment on others content and overall to structure modified media environments (Boase, 2008). While the mass media messages are the conception of professionals and institutions, many personal media messages are the formation of small groups or individuals whose abilities range from recreational to professional. Personal systems permitted hobbyists and amateurs to formulate new system programs which individuals could circulate on discs or possibly during early internet connections (Jenkins, 2006). Camcorders permitted individuals to generate different variety of products from videos to independent or amateur films. Listening devices and portable recordings allowed individual to make their personalized mix tapes and give musicians an accessible and affordable way to generate de mo tapes. These types of media creations were not easily distributed prior as today, as analogue technology still necessitated that individual send their notes on tapes or discs. Digital media Personal media laid across the line to social and new media with growing accessibility of digital media and internet. As the media products for example pictures, music and videos turned digital, analogue personalized media gadgets, which individual once brought around were no longer essential (Luders, 2008). Latest online platforms offered individual the chance to make and create content which could be obtained by any person with the help of an internet connection. For instance: a singer, who would have sold his/her recorded songs on cassettes out of his/her vehicle might be discovered now after putting his/her song on MySpace (Kendall, 2008). Social Networking Sites Social networking sites are the most influential element of new web. As per Vitkauskaite (2012), this allows the media users to construct a semipublic or public profile, build a connective network to other individuals and check others networks and profiles of connections (Vitkauskaite, 2012). The concept of social networking has been existed for more than a decade, previous emphasis for example MySpace and Friendster have yielded to the massive site called Facebook. More specific networking site like: LinkedIn concentrate on the professional networking (Mandiberg, 2012). In any situation, the capacity to status updates, self-publish instruction, likes, dislikes, links and profiles allows individual to craft individual life narrative and share with other individuals (Dunbar-Hester, 2009). Similarly, other individuals can follow others narratives in the same network as these are generated. The level to what people engage with the narratives of others differs depend upon the closeness o f association and situational aspects, but the social networking sites are applied to maintain weak, moderate and string ties with other members. Social media is considered as the way through the concept of sharing and collaboration rather than merely through interpersonal interaction and connection. As per Fisher (2014), the growth of concept of creative general licensing and open source publishing presents challenge to conventional copyrights, corporations and media outlets. The concept of open source publishing initially appeared with software programming (Fisher, 2014). Crowdsourcing refers to the concept stage of improvement where individual from different positions and perceptions offer information or proposals to explain a problem or formulate something fresh. In a nutshell, the amalgamation of crowdsourcing and open source publishing permits the media user community to jointly create and develop on more creative projects, products and ideas (Shepherd, 2012). Contrasting most media inventions which are closely monitored and tightly copyrighted by the organizations which create then, crowdsourcing and open source publishing increase the democratizing prospective of new media. As per Dunbar-Hester (2009), the arrival of this participative, democratizing, collaborative and new media has been embraced and resisted by the channels linked with old media (Dunbar-Hester, 2009). Increased feedback and participations represents that the conventional media channels which were applied to passive and one way audiences now have to pay attention to and answer feedback, some of what are negative and critical as well (Bell, 2010). User formulated content professional as well as unpaid, can compete directly with the traditional mass media substance, which charges much more to generate. Social media Social media is said to be responsible for entire occurrence of viral videos, where a commercial parody can reach millions and billions of audiences within few minutes than a real commercial. Medial channels are in a contradiction (Mihailidis and Thevenin, 2013). These channels want to support the participation of the audiences but they want to be equipped to predict and control the media utilization habits and audience recreations. New media comprise mainly digital media that are designed to read binary code. New media are different from old media as they are less related to specific platform and are hence more movable from one device to another. New media are also less attached to physical object (Woodward, 2007). That means instruction can be accumulated electronically more willingly than requiring to encoded to physical object. New media are more social and personal than old media (Gates, 2008). This is because the line between the media producers and media consumers haze in new media; media users obtain more independence to personalize individual media experiences. Moreover, reciprocative web of personalized media gadgets allow people to collaborate, be in touch with one another and share instruction in various ways which increase the communal nature of the application of technology (Dunbar-Hester, 2009). The concept of Prosumer Vincent Miller makes argument on the idea how the lines between consumers and producers blurred, in his writing named understanding digital culture (Miller, 2011). Consumers are the purchasers or the audiences of the produced objects and producers create cultural objects and content. By referring to the term prosumers, Millers illustrates that along with the introduction of convergent innovative media and choice overabundance in information sources, in addition to augmented ability to generate content by themselves (Bell, 2010). This move away from producer domination to consumer or audience power would suppose to have speed up and thus grinding down the consumer-producer distinction (Davies, 2015). Prosumer is said to be the completing consequence of strategy, which has been growingly applied that supports feedback between consumers and producers (in short prosumers) and this allows for more media consumers control over the creation of products. Impact of new media technologies on media audience research Communication study has always considered media effect to be very significant part of it and hence the number of theoretical achievements has been more in this field. Nevertheless, in the era of new media technologies the effect of both the new media and the traditional media is seen to deviate from the present theories (Kent, 1994). As the new and advanced media technology is gradually opening up, it is observed that the traditional media is slowly collapsing (Nightingale, 2011). This traditional media had won a public trust in the past couple of years and with the advent of the new media technologies this trust is diminishing at very fast pace (Tyner, 2009). The modern social networks such as Microblog, Facebook, and Twitter assist people to extract more information from the internet resources than the general sources such as the television and newspapers (Walden, 2012). Through the new media technologies the chances of enforcing the audience to believe the propaganda of the government is comparatively less (Newman, 2010). Additionally, it is also true that when the propaganda by the state media shifts from common sense the reality becomes more of an irony to the propaganda for the audience (Gunter and Machin, 2009). The influence of the new media has a two step flow. Generally it is seen that when the opinion leaders are influenced by the media only then most part of the audience is influenced as they are guided by these opinion leaders (Ross and Nightingale, 2003). It is seen that these opinion leaders are mostly urbane, serious media users and generally cannot be easily manipulated by the media content. Hence, we can say that they act as barriers between the media influence and the audience. To some extent this barrier is extremely necessary and effective. Further, individual media tends to have very less power on the adult audience population. This is mainly because of the fact that by the time most people turn into adults they are absorbed by different groups and therefore individual media has less impact on them. In the new media technology era this is more prominent as the information of the opponent is no longer effective in this group of audiences. Nevertheless, it can be noted that new media tends to offer a much wider view for the audiences. Primarily, there lies a major multiplication of the personal media in this new era. The traditional media in contemporary times is using newer arrangements of space and time. Presently what is more essential is not the technology but rather the social context of the use of the media. Hence, these social uses are a part of the broader reformulations. With regard to implied audiences that includes the presumed or the imagined audiences, it is observed that they play a significant part in the discourses relating to the new media (Gillespie, 2005). Many scholars are considering the project of mapping new audiences with respect to the challenge for the application of the empirical methods to public speculations (Ross and Nightingale, 2003). For a research on new media technology the empirical research on audience is extremely essential. With every passing day audiences are becoming less predictable and more fragmented in their relationship with the media (LIVINGSTONE, 1999). Hence understanding them is becoming even more important for the theories such as social shaping, markets, designs etc. Further with the advent of the new media technology in the form of multimedia computing, internet, and poly channel broadcasting the television audience is challenged (Napoli, 2011). The new media technology provides the audience an increased control and choice over the facts of when or where or how the audience consumes the media and on the transformation of the relationship between the media and the audience (Book.douban.com, n.d.). Simultaneously, the new media technology also forms an assuring as well as monitoring audience behavior and this reveals the methods in which the audiences consume the media. These factors were unknown during the times of the old media technology (Lindlof, 1991). Hence the ongoing technological changes force the media industries to think in a different manner regarding their audiences and undermine the traditional concepts and analytical approaches (Wicks, 2000). However, they also simultaneously open new dimensions for the conceptualizing audiences. Therefore it can be stated that the new age audiences are slowly becoming more subtle and erratic. At the same time the new systems for measuring the audiences or gathering of feedback or anticipating their tastes and preferences are ensuring the media industries to redefine the true worthiness of the media audiences and how these audiences are included in the strategies and economics of the businesses (LIVINGSTONE, 1999). It can be then said that there is about to be an evolution of the media audiences in the near future. Media industry analysts have generally emphasized on the idea that the media audience is a socially constructed occurrence and the industries that define the audience in a particular manner tend to reflect the needs and interests of these audiences and as a result some of the most essential features of the audiences are ignored (Bould, 2012). In this context relating to media audiences the idea of rationalization of the understanding of the audience includes the efforts to carry more empirical rigor and quantitative methods in order to process the broad range of dimensions of audience behavior that includes exposure, awareness and appreciation. Conclusion The exact procedure at work nowadays is one in which the chief conceptualization of the audience engaged by media industry stakeholders is shifting from the old focused based approach and is gradually exploring into the other wider dimensions relating to the experience of the audience including the engagement of the audience to the appreciation of the audience (Moores, 1990). In the contemporary times it is seen that the increase in the audience fragmentation and audience autonomy that is mostly imposed by the new media technology is undermining the exposure model of the old media. References Anderson, J. (2014). Book review: Media regulation: Governance and the interests of citizens and consumers.Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 20(3), pp.370-371. Bell, E. (2010). Book Review: New media, old hat: New Media, Old News: Journalism and Democracy in the Digital Age, edited by Natalie Fenton (Sage Publications, pp232, 22.99).British Journalism Review, 21(1), pp.82-84. Boase, J. (2008). PERSONAL NETWORKS AND THE PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.Information, Communication Society, 11(4), pp.490-508. Book.douban.com, (n.d.).The Effects of the Media on Audience Groups (à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ º: à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬â€Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ­Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ º). [online] Available at: https://book.douban.com/review/5443493/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2015]. Bould, M. (2012). Paranormal Media: Audiences, Spirits and Magic in Popular Culture.Screen, 53(4), pp.495-498. Chambers, T. (2011). Audience evolution: New technologies and the transformation of media audiences.Journal of Communication, 61(4), pp.E1-E4. Courtois, C., Verdegem, P. and De Marez, L. (2012). The Triple Articulation of Media Technologies in Audiovisual Media Consumption.Television New Media, 14(5), pp.421-439. Craig A. Cunningham, (2009). Transforming Schooling through Technology: Twenty-First-Century Approaches to Participatory Learning.Education and Culture, 25(2), pp.46-61. Davies, E. (2015). Meanings and mess in collaborative participatory research.Literacy, 49(1), pp.28-36. Deitel, H., Deitel, P. and Nieto, T. (2000).Internet and World Wide Web. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Dunbar-Hester, C. (2009). 'Free the spectrum!' Activist encounters with old and new media technology.New Media Society, 11(1-2), pp.221-240. Fischer, G. (2010). End User Development and Meta-Design.Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 22(1), pp.52-82. Fisher, E. (2014). 'You Media': audiencing as marketing in social media.Media, Culture Society, 37(1), pp.50-67. Gates, K. (2008). New Media Addiction.Television New Media, 10(1), pp.58-60. Gillespie, M. (2005).Media audiences. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Gunter, B. and Machin, D. (2009).Media audiences. London: SAGE. Jenkins, H. (2006).Convergence culture where old and new media collide. Nueva York (Estados Unidos): New York University Press. Kendall, L. (2008). BEYOND MEDIA PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS: Online multimedia productions as interpersonal communication.Information, Communication Society, 11(2), pp.207-220. Kent, R. (1994).Measuring media audiences. London: Routledge. Len-Ros, M. (2011). Understanding ethnic media: Producers, consumers and societies.Journal of Communication, 61(6), pp.E1-E3. Lindlof, T. (1991). The qualitative study of media audiences.Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 35(1), pp.23-42. LIVINGSTONE, S. (1999). New Media, New Audiences?.New Media Society, 1(1), pp.59-66. Luders, M. (2008). Conceptualizing personal media.New Media Society, 10(5), pp.683-702. Mandiberg, M. (2012).The social media reader. New York: New York University Press. Mihailidis, P. and Thevenin, B. (2013). Media Literacy as a Core Competency for Engaged Citizenship in Participatory Democracy.American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), pp.1611-1622. Miller, V. (2011).Understanding digital culture. London: SAGE Publications. Moores, S. (1990). Texts, readers and contexts of reading: developments in the study of media audiences.Media, Culture Society, 12(1), pp.9-29. Napoli, P. (2011).Audience evolution. New York: Columbia University Press. Newman, M. (2010). New media, young audiences and discourses of attention: from Sesame Street to 'snack culture'.Media, Culture Society, 32(4), pp.581-596. Nightingale, V. (2011).The handbook of media audiences. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. Pierson, J., Mante-Meijer, E. and Loos, E. (2011).New media technologies and user empowerment. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Puppis, M. (2010). Media Governance: A New Concept for the Analysis of Media Policy and Regulation.Communication, Culture Critique, 3(2), pp.134-149. Ross, K. and Nightingale, V. (2003).Media and audiences. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Ross, P. (2010). Is there an expertise of production? The case of new media producers.New Media Society, 13(6), pp.912-928. Shepherd, H. (2012). Crowdsourcing.Contexts, 11(2), pp.10-11. Tyner, K. (2009). Audiences, Intertextuality, and New Media Literacy.International Journal of Learning and Media, 1(2), pp.25-31. Vitkauskaite, E. (2012). LOCALISING SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES: SOME MARKETING IMPLICATIONS.ecoman, 17(2). Walden, J. (2012). Global Advertising, Attitudes and Audiences.New Media Society, 14(5), pp.886-888. Wicks, R. (2000).Understanding audiences. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Woodward, I. (2007).Understanding material culture. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Threat Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Threat Intelligence Essay Menace Intelligence We will write a custom essay on Threat Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Introduction Cyber-attacks have dramatically increased in badness and frequence in recent old ages, taking to major security breaches and 100s of 1000000s of customers’ informations going compromised worldwide. To run within this of all time germinating planetary menace environment, organisations must maturate their traditional security schemes to an Intelligence-Based Security Framework, besides normally referred to as Threat Intelligence. Rather than responding to qui vives of onslaughts, Intelligence-Based Security enables you to proactively place menaces against your organisation and fade out them before an onslaught has been launched. Menace Intelligence are experts in the country of Intelligence-Based Threat and Risk Management, and is backed up by their first security research and huge sum of specialist security experience across a broad scope of industries. Current state of affairs Incidents on advanced relentless menaces and DDOS are rumored virtually every hebdomad and therefore the impact of those onslaughts are huge. These incidents merely evade the traditional margin security. Anti-malware merchandise have evolved that do nt see the better-known signatures nevertheless build usage of alternate manners of sensing to corroborate web end points, application and information will remain secure. Some of the challenges with regard to the germinating landscape that endeavors are confronting are: The gait at which signature-based malware is germinating is non fiting the velocity at which menaces are germinating The big database incorporating the signature inside informations affects the public presentation and doesn’t work good for unpredictable menaces The onslaughts are uninterrupted and are extremely targeted, which makes them hard to observe It has non merely affected the fiscal industry, but a figure of other industries. Menace intelligence Gartner defines menace intelligence as â€Å"Evidence-based cognition, including context, mechanisms, indexs, deductions and actionable advice, about an bing or emerging threat or jeopardy to assets that can be used to inform determinations sing the topic s response to that threat or hazard.† Menace intelligence will move as a figure and furnish correct, seasonably and careful info to security directors. These will ease in early sensing and saloon of onslaughts thereby cut downing losingss. Today, menace intelligence services have matured to tie in extent wherever the information feeds watchful sing the possible menaces. Threat intelligence forms a part of all the exposure direction, security event direction and specialised menace analysis and protection ware. The ecosystem can be divided into three wide units: aggregation and analysis, determination support and response. It involves collection and analysing informations provenders that helps in making choices and to necessitate stairss to extenuate the menaces signaled by the qui vives. Each of those units have to be compelled to add concert so as to carry through or transcend the gait of germinating menaces. This menace intelligence capableness enables organisations to spy and answer to possible menaces and exposures therefore to rarefy the onslaught window and besides the bound the clip to entree. Organizations that adopt this attack is awake to the existent fact that menace intelligence is that the foundation of investings created and risk appraisal. Menace Intelligence Cycle For organisations trusting on manual procedures, the stairss to operationalizing the intelligence gathered are: Gather informations from different beginnings in a assortment of formats. Most of these informations gathered are in signifier of menace indexs The following measure is to analyse the information. The analyst should formalize the information gathered and so construct the context consequently Following measure is to feed the validated information into controls Figure 1: Menace Intelligence Cycle Menace Intelligence Challenges and Measures While the importance of menace intelligence is accepted and is taken into history to be the inspiration piece of cyber-security by many houses, the employment of the information gathered is ad-hoc in many. Persons are trapped in conformity check-boxes and do nt supply specialise menace intelligence services Many organisations accept pattern lucifers and besides the intelligence databases, which became uneffective and disused. New targeted onslaughts and besides the usage viruses benefit of those disused ways and non up-to-date databases. Although several houses do nt portion knowledge attributable to competitory grounds, effectual coaction and crowd-sourcing will ease physique, act rapidly and revoke invasions Operationalizing menace intelligence is the biggest challenge in leveraging menace intelligence. There is deficit of menace beginnings and organisations consider really data gathered to be signifier of intelligence Some organisations can’t trade with incompatibilities that occur due to difference in informations quality. For informations to be utile, it has to be relevant to the organisation Datas received from external parties aren’t validated and all of them is considered as menace intelligence. Most houses accept the informations they receive and do non hold resources to formalize it .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .postImageUrl , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:hover , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:visited , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:active { border:0!important; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:active , .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826 .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua917a429bfcdcf8e1810275806be6826:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Pair Of Silk Stockings EssayDeveloping Actionable Intelligence Develop actionable menace intelligence. Intelligence here doesn’t mean merely mixture of informations and glorious indexs, it s non refering merely menace intelligence provenders. It’s refering deducing important penetrations from assortment of beginnings. These beginnings is internal every bit good as external. The word unfair suggests that one thing that s helpful to an organisation. Organizations need to develop bigger adulthood in information assemblage and processing installations in order that will they ll leverage mechanization to bring on pregnant information. Two elements, expertness based largely larning and situational consciousness will ease organisations to develop and travel to period of clip intelligence based theoretical account. Experience Based Learning Organizations can larn from past experiences – both their experiences and experiences at the industry degree. Some organisations can even take away some lessons from occurrences in other industries like Defense, Retail, and Finance etc. These can assist them deploy new techniques and controls to support against new menaces. These lessons include some of the of import inquiries: Who are the aggressors? What is the motivation behind the onslaught? What is the defect in the system? Is it the attacker’s sophisticated technique or a exposure in the system? Were there any similar onslaughts in the yesteryear? How can the exposure be fixed? How are organisations covering with such sort of onslaughts? What can be the pro-active steps that can be taken for bar from an onslaught? Organizations need to go a learning organisation where learn from their past experiences and learn from others experiences by sharing information to both private and public companies. This will so assist organisations develop capablenesss to forestall and observe and react to cyber-attacks. Constructing a Menace Intelligence Community First, construct a community to portion informations and maintain yourself up-to-date. With a web of people collaboratively bring forthing distributed intelligence, the procedure of fusing, analysing, and leveraging Threat Intelligence can be immensely improved: Physique: Connect with other stakeholders who are sing the same job as you Contribute: Share evaluations, assurance, and attributes around informations and groups of related informations to obtain penetrations that would non be otherwise obvious Leverage: Path and step the menace to efficaciously joint the job to determination shapers. Identify adversary tendencies to preemptively deploy sensing signatures before you are targeted Figure 2: Community Watch Decision Organizations that leverage their menace intelligence capablenesss will be able to develop and transform their cyber security capablenesss to be able to observe and react to cyber-attacks. I conclude the study by stating that organisations should non execute intelligence for merely the interest of it, this should be aligned to the concern results and adjusted based on the alterations made. Menace intelligence providesinsight and context to better determination making.The hazard of bad intelligence is high.Bad determinations can easy be made frompoor intelligence- potentially making more harm than good. Good analytic patterns improve analysis thereby diminishing the hazard of hapless intelligence. You could hold the best package analysis accomplishments in the universe, but if you can non pass on your decisions efficaciously to those who need to move on your information those accomplishments are efficaciously useless in menace intelligence. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/CTU_intelligence/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence.asp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sans.org/event/sans-cyber-threat-intelligence-summit Pankaj Sukhadeve 13030241163 1

Free Essays on THe Life Of Christ Depicted By Memling And An Unknown Follower

The Life of Christ Depicted by Hans Memling And An Unknown follower Follower of Hans Memling ca. 1515 While researching art there is a very high likelihood of finding multiple paintings of the same or an exceptionally similar picture. Some similar pictures have changes while others remain totally the same, and the same is true for the artist. The duplication of paintings can be attributed to a high demand for the painting from the buyers, mainly churches. During the 15th century and into the 16th century, religion played a pivotal role in the daily aspects of all people living in Europe. Although religion was the dominant force in peoples’ lives, most people were illiterate and were thus unable to unlock the secrets of the Bible for themselves. To counter this problem, the church commissioned artists to adorn their churches with religious artwork. The commissioned artwork was to either depict various religious scenes or contain some moral that the church conveyed. While doing my research, I found two interesting triptychs depicting events in the life of Christ. In the last quarter of the 15th century Hans Memling, a Flemish painter, produced a triptych, the Lost Triptych, depicting the Passion of Christ. Hemling highlighted three well known scenes from the Bible: the carrying of the cross, crucifixion, and the resurrection of Christ. This triptych was lost for many years, only later to be found, it currently stands in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. The painting still remains without a name or an exact date of its production. Around 1515, a follower of Memling, name not provided, produced a duplicate of Hans Memling’s Lost Triptych. In the triptych, the artist illustrates the birth, crucifixion, and resurrection of Christ. This triptych currently is on display at the Frans Hals Museuem in Haarlem. Though the triptychs depict the same story, each contains different features absent in... Free Essays on THe Life Of Christ Depicted By Memling And An Unknown Follower Free Essays on THe Life Of Christ Depicted By Memling And An Unknown Follower The Life of Christ Depicted by Hans Memling And An Unknown follower Follower of Hans Memling ca. 1515 While researching art there is a very high likelihood of finding multiple paintings of the same or an exceptionally similar picture. Some similar pictures have changes while others remain totally the same, and the same is true for the artist. The duplication of paintings can be attributed to a high demand for the painting from the buyers, mainly churches. During the 15th century and into the 16th century, religion played a pivotal role in the daily aspects of all people living in Europe. Although religion was the dominant force in peoples’ lives, most people were illiterate and were thus unable to unlock the secrets of the Bible for themselves. To counter this problem, the church commissioned artists to adorn their churches with religious artwork. The commissioned artwork was to either depict various religious scenes or contain some moral that the church conveyed. While doing my research, I found two interesting triptychs depicting events in the life of Christ. In the last quarter of the 15th century Hans Memling, a Flemish painter, produced a triptych, the Lost Triptych, depicting the Passion of Christ. Hemling highlighted three well known scenes from the Bible: the carrying of the cross, crucifixion, and the resurrection of Christ. This triptych was lost for many years, only later to be found, it currently stands in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. The painting still remains without a name or an exact date of its production. Around 1515, a follower of Memling, name not provided, produced a duplicate of Hans Memling’s Lost Triptych. In the triptych, the artist illustrates the birth, crucifixion, and resurrection of Christ. This triptych currently is on display at the Frans Hals Museuem in Haarlem. Though the triptychs depict the same story, each contains different features absent in...

LEssentiel - Essential French Phrases

LEssentiel - Essential French Phrases Even if youre just going to France for a week, you should know some survival French - a few essential words and phrases that youll use over and over. This is a somewhat miscellaneous list of the basics, so be sure to follow the links at the end for even more essential French like hello and please.Je parle (un peu de) franà §ais  Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak (a little) French.Parlez-vous anglais ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you speak English?Comment ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What?Je ne comprends pas.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont understand.Que veut dire ___ ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does ___ mean?Rà ©pà ©tez, sil vous plaà ®t.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat, please.Plus lentement  Ã‚  Ã‚  More slowlyEncore une fois  Ã‚  Ã‚  One more timeComment dit-on ___ en franà §ais  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do you say ___ in French?Je ne sais pas  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont knowJai une question  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a questionJai un problà ¨me  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a problemoui  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yesnon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nosi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yes (in reponse to a negative question)daccor d  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OKet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  andou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  orqui  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whoquoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  what*quand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whenoà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wherepourquoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whycomment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how*Be careful, there are several ways to say what in French. Practice Essential French Vocabulary Essential French quizCrossword puzzleWord seek More essential French 100 essential French wordsEssential French gesturesEssential French grammarEssential French phrasesEssential French verbsEssential French for travelersHow to say ___ in French For more in-depth study, check out French for Beginners.

Human wk8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human wk8 - Essay Example Reeve (2009) states that identity plays a part in what people want to present to the world. How one perceived themselves, and how they will cope with a situation is self-efficacy. This becomes a motivating factor in situations where one has to deal with different situations. As an example, in my case, when dealing with difficulties in my life, I was able to overcome them because I could draw on my past experience. My self-esteem helped me "hang in there" when times were tough and this also helped in my developing an inner strength. I understand that how I have lived my life has given an opportunity for me to understand my inner strength. An individual is motivated to change when they are strong in themselves. Agency, the aspect of the self that provides the intrinsic motivation, is built as people go through life experience. Reeve (2009) states that this intrinsic motivation is what drives the individual. In order for change to occur, an individual must have something that will push them to it. This can be a death, a divorce or other traumatic situation, or the individual can move forward because there is something that motivates them to do so, such as a need to make more money or to develop different aspects of their lives. References Reeve. J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th ed.). CA: Wiley. Assignment 3 My final project will discuss the education of teens in Liberia with an emphasis on female teens. The project will also discuss some of the history of education and what teens need in terms of education. As I continue my research, I wonder how these children will be motivated to change their lives. When thinking about self-efficacy theory, it is important to understand how social issues deal with this theory. The new president of Liberia has made the education of female children a priority. In order to understand the reason one has to look deeper into what has happened for these teens. Many girls have had to fight in their civil war. Other g irls have also been victims of rape, abuse and other criminal activity against them. The challenge for many children in this type of situation is to overcome these situations. Many will go to counseling and this may be something that would need to be factored into part of their education. When looking at behavior change for these children I think that they must first have an intrinsic need to change. This would come from a deep understanding that they could move out of any negative situation. According to Johnson (2004), behavior change comes when a situation happens that creates a feeling inside an individual that moves them forward. When I look at my own teenagers, I undersand that they do not change their behavior until they find a need to change their behavior. As an example, my girls used to fight between them until one of my girls felt they were hurting the other one's feelings. When this hit home for them, they began to get a long better. My children understand that there are other ways to work out their differences. When I think about the teenagers in Liberia, I understand that there needs to be a reason for them to change. The challenge may be that they have not had the experiences to move them to behavior change. However, through education, they may find a reason. The knowledge of self-efficacy theory will help me become more motivated to help teens in whatever country I decide to teach in. In order to motivate myself, I have an intrinsic

Masculinity and Fight Club Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Masculinity and Fight Club - Research Paper Example Palahniuk, the author of Fight Club, recognizes that the concept of internalized oppression continually implies the likelihood of ones somehow transcending or mastering the admittedly deeply oppressive system by which the main characters are articulated as a sexed subject. Masculinity allows Palahniuk to unveil problems and weaknesses of pop culture and place a modern man in this new society. The main character, an unnamed narrator, suffers from depression and anxiety caused by poor job conditions and low salary. It assumes that a line of demarcation can be clearly drawn between tyranny and liberation, between inside and outside, and works to reify these binary oppositions. To some extend, fatally mortgaged to bourgeois individualism, it insists (like so many twelve-step programs) that one can obtain a cure by an act of will (which looks to me far more like an act of repression). Thesis The theme of masculinity helps the author to depict the culture of violence, cruelty and oppression created by pop culture and its values. For as the narrative makes clear, the sexual identity is finally revealed to be fictive, which is to say, strictly relational and dependent upon the roles assigned the participants by a particular scenario. The narrator describes his state as: â€Å"This week the insomnia is back. Insomnia, and now the whole world figures to stop by and take a dump on my grave â€Å"(Palahniuk 1999, p. 88). In becoming a spectacle, â€Å"another man,† the main character accedes to the new economy of desire that insists on the unique nature of identities. It also bears witness to the vexed relation between the political and the sexual in American culture and the fact that queer identities at once disrupt the binary opposition between the public and the private and reinforce the belief that the private is the central determining feature, not just of subjectivity, but of the social as well (Connell, 2005). The symbol of the fight club is the main image of masculinity

Greater happiness for a greater number Essay Example for Free

Greater happiness for a greater number Essay 1. Major strengths and weaknesses of this goal. a.   Major Strengths I think that the definition of happiness presented in the lecture is simple and elegant.   In addition, I think that the very attempt to address the issue of happiness is necessary and should really form the basis of psychology. b.   Major Weaknesses While I agree that psychology should have happiness as the optimal mental state from which to address patient’s mental health issues, I think there are some weaknesses in the approach to determine how to get clients—or people in general, to understand exactly what constitutes happiness. 2. Major personal insights gained After reviewing the lecture materials and much thought, I found it interesting that the approach to happiness is limited only to â€Å"physical† considerationswhen it is evident that people who have all the physical comforts and advantages are not the most happy. 3. Personal and professional application (if any) of some of the content. a. Personal application of some of the content While I consider myself a happy person, I think it is primarily from the standpoint of being fortunate to have met my physical needs (positive environment, life experiences, status, possessions). However, I’m becoming more aware that these things do not exclusively determine happiness. b. Professional application of some of the content    I am concerned that while all the approaches fail by analogy to define man as an animal, they still call him one. Man isn’t simply an animal. Why?   Animals lack the ability to have, express and satisfy these needs (e.g., an animal can’t compose a symphony, or create art).   Also, animals do not kill or create problems for other animals for reasons of envy, hate or jealousy—only human beings do.   I intend to consider the content, but to research and possibly assist to develop new ideas about how to assist individuals address their needs by first understanding that they are already complete human beings—no matter their circumstances, who simply seek various ways to express themselves. Until we understand this we can’t help society. 4. React to major areas of interest After some thought about Freud and Maslow’s approaches I began to feel that the flaws in these two approaches permeate all approaches to a â€Å"model† of happiness. All major approaches are devoid of spirituality, or the idea that man is more than an animal with physical needs. I feel that man is a spiritual being that is fulfilling or expressing himself, through his body, based on higher-level needs. I feel that this approach keeps individuals unhappy.   Why?   We perpetuate the myth that only through obtaining physical things, or outside circumstances can we achieve happiness.   I want to make positive psychology the cornerstone of my clinical approach, and use coaching models compatible with an area I feel needs more exploration: how to impact people suffering from pain, to increase their happiness potential regardless of their â€Å"physical† (social, economic, etc.) circumstances.

The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War Essay -- essays

The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the South's economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However, only a small percentage of the slave population enlisted in either army. The concept of using slaves as soldiers was hardly revolutionary. Blacks had served our country with honor and bravery since the country's earliest days. Not only did the black troops fight for the United States, but also for England. The British crown used their heads and made an agreement which would help them draft slave troops. This was a chance for emancipation of slaves who fought against their masters. African Americans were active prior to the start of the war. The Boston Massacre was an event which created a want for independence. On March 5, 1770, the British troops stationed on King Street in Boston were confronted with an uprising and began shooting into the crowd(Davis 206). Crispus Attucks, a black man, led the 1770 uprising against British troops that resulted in the Boston Massacre. It is alleged that he cried out, "Don't be afraid!" as he led the crowd of protesters against armed British...

Performance Appraisal: a Critical Review

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: A CRITICAL REVIEW Abstract: Performance appraisal is used in many organizations in order to assess the performance of their employees. But there are some issues and problems that are associated with performance appraisal can have negative impacts on the performance of employees and can make it useless. These issues and problems are: absence of objective criteria, gender issues, rater’s bias, social and ethnic issues. And there are empirical research evidences that are very much consistent with the problems and issues I identified before. But performance appraisal should not be abandoned due to the problems mentioned above. Its can prove very effective if used by trained appraisers in a constructive manner using objective criteria against which the performance of the appraisee to be checked. It not only reviews the performance of an employee but also helps to identify training and development needs of the appraise. Introduction: In organizations, there are some formal and informal methods of performance assessment, and performance appraisal is one of the most widely used formal methods of the assessment of performance. Performance appraisal is also a valuable tool of performance management in organizations as CIPD describes that:†Performance appraisal is an important part of performance management. In itself it is not performance management, but it is one of the range of tools that can be used to manage performance† (CIPD, 2008). CIPD (2008) describes that performance appraisal essentially provides an opportunity to the appraisees and appraiser to review and discuss, in a constructive manner, the performance of the appraisee and possible reasons and determinants of his or her bad performance in a one on one meeting. It also provides an opportunity to them to identify and set objectives regarding training and development for the future and to reach an agreement about the possible actions required getting those objectives and the support the individual or appraisee expects from the manager. If performance appraisal is conducted in a sensitive and constructive manner, then it can establish a positive relationship between the individuals and the line managers. Aims and objectives of performance appraisal: There are some clear aims and objectives for conducting performance appraisal in organizations, and these objectives are listed and described below: 1. One purpose of conducting a performance appraisal is to exercise organizational control 2. The main purpose of a performance appraisal system is to review the performance of individuals over a period of time 3. Performance appraisal is also aimed at finding out that the appraisee is productive or not. 4. One purpose of performance appraisal is to review the actual performance of an employee against the set objectives or desired standards. 5. Another important objective of conducting a performance appraisal is to find training and development needs of the appraisee. 6. One purpose is to identify the type of support the appraisee expects from the management in order to meet those training and development needs. Key elements of performance appraisal: CIPD (2008) has described following five key elements of performance appraisal: 1. Measurement – individual’s performance is assessed against agreed standards and objectives. 2. Feedback – the individual or appraisee is provided information on his performance and progress after the performance has been assessed. . Positive reinforcement – the appraiser recognises the good performance and make constructive criticism about the aspects of performance where there is a need of improvement. 4. Exchange of views – there is a dialogue between the appraiser and the appraisee about the outcomes of the assessment, and how appraisees can improve their per formance, the support they need from their managers to achieve this and their aspirations for their future career. 5. Agreement – an agreement is reached by all parties about what needs to be done to improve performance and issues are overcome. Problems with performance appraisal: Having described the definition, objectives, and the key elements of performance appraisal, we move on to problems or dilemmas with performance appraisal. Performance appraisal is considered a way or tool of motivation and enhancing morale and it is also assumed that appraisal will lead to an improvement in performance or performance will decrease without appraisal. (Grint, 1995). But it can also lead to negative effects on performance and motivation and leaves the apprsisee with negative feelings such as inferiority, bitterness, depression and some other negative feelings (Ridly, 1995). On the part of the appraiser, there are some dilemmas and difficulties that the appraiser faces in the course of performance appraisal process. One of these is the subjectivity of the appraiser that cannot be completely avoided in spite of efforts. Another important dilemma faced by the appraiser is to play both the roles of a judge and a facilitator at the same time as Fiona Wilson (2002) and many other including McGregor (1957), and Fletcher and Williams (1985) have described this problem. One of the aims of performance appraisal is to identify training and development needs of the employees. In order to do so, the appraiser is assumed to judge the gaps between the desired performance and the actual performance by assessing the performance of the employee against a set of objective standards, this not always possible to have objective criteria available, as Fiona Wilson (2002) describes that: â€Å"If staff development is the aim then the temptation is to search for inadequacies in the appraisee’s performance. In order to act as judge the appraiser needs criteria with which to judge, yet the subjective evaluation and trait oriented criteria for evaluating performance have been recognised as a central problem. Objective criteria against which to assess staff are difficult to achieve and are going to be judgmental to some degree. Counseling does not usually involve making any judgments but allows the person to reflect on performance and make their own judgments†. There is an increase in the use of 360-degree feedback in organizations as Bruce and Ira Kay have noted that:† The use of 360-degree feedback has grown dramatically in recent years. According to HR consulting firm William M. Mercer, 40 percent of companies used 360-degree feedback in 1995; b 2000, this figure jumped to 65 percent† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). But there are also some serious issues associated with 360 degree feedback and it is assumed that it can have some negative effects on performance and can hurt the appraise as Bruce and Ira Kay (2002) have quoted Watson Wyatt’s human capital index study which found that the use of 360-degree feedback is associated with a decrease in shareholder value. Bruce and Ira also quoted the other findings of Watson Wyatt’s HCI study and described that:†Watson Wyatt's 2001 HCI report revealed that companies using 360-degree feedback have lower market value. According to the study, companies that use peer review have a market value that is 4. 9 percent lower than similarly situated companies that don't use peer review. Likewise, companies that allow employees to evaluate their managers are valued 5. 7 percent lower than similar firms that don't† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). Ghorpade (Ghorpade quoted in Bruce & Ira, 2002), a professor of management at San Diego State University, reported that only one-third studies out of 600 feedback studies found improvement in performance and one-third found a decrease in performance and rest of them found no effects. Bruce and Ira (2002) have also identified some other issues and problems with 360-feedback such as: lack of training, and the costs of 360-degree feedback. Arvey and Murphy(1998) have described the issues around the costs of measures of performance as well: â€Å"A discussion of the relative costs of alternative performance measures was provided by Stone et al (1996). As an alternative to a more expensive â€Å"hands-on† performance measure, a low-cost, readily available measure of performance was developed for Air Force specialty jobs using an existing data base that rank-ordered individuals. More research is needed to explore the relative advantages of low-fidelity and low-cost performance measures. Conceivably the relative value of such instruments might be better than more highly specific, high-fidelity instruments if relatively molar decisions are being made about individuals (e. g. promote versus not-promote, high versus low performance)† Subjective and objective Evaluation: The main problem and issue associated with performance appraisal may be the subjective evaluation and absence of objective criteria against which the performance of the individual is to be assessed. Subjective evaluation may result in devastating effects on the performance of the individual or the appraisee. As Longenecker et al. (1987) have noted that the appraisers sometimes intentionally distort and manipulate appraisal for political purposes. Subjective measures of performance sometime lead to biasness on the part of the rater and result in negative effects on performance. But Arvey and Murphy (1998) have reviewed a research conducted by Bommer et al in 1995, and described that Bommer et al assessed the relationships between relatively objective and subjective measures of employee performance. He used meta-analytic techniques to summarize the relationships for over 50 independent samples, and found that the two measures were significantly related. Bias on the part of line manager or the appraiser or rater can result in negative effects on performance. Arvey & Murphy (1998) write that many studies have focused on the potential biases of supervisors that occour as a result of their likings and disliking about their subordinates. But recent studies show that affective influences on ratings may not represent rating biases. Vera et al (quoted in Arvey & Murphy, 1998) presented evidence that supports this argument. Arvey and Murphy (1998) quoted a study in their paper conducted by Schrader and Steiner in 1996, and described that: â€Å"They hypothesized that ratings in which employees are evaluated against clear and specific objective standards will differ from those in which such objective criteria are not specified and the standards are ambiguous. Results supported this proposition. However, ratings made when using internal, relative, or multiple standards of comparison were not terribly different from those made under the more objective conditions both in terms of mean differences and supervisor-self agreement. Thus, a conclusion that employee standards that involve objective and specific standards against which to evaluate individuals are the one â€Å"best† method seems premature given the results of this study† Ethnic, Social and Gender Issues: There are some gender, and social issues in terms of bias and subjectivity related to performance appraisals. Societal stereotypes may cause the appraisers to be biased against women and minorities. In 1996, Woehr & Roch (quoted in Arvey & Murphy, 1998) studied the effects of prior evaluations that were different in terms of performance and ratee gender on subsequent evaluations and on recall of a male or female of average performance. Results suggested that both the performance level and the gender of the target ratee's prior evaluation affected the subsequent rating. Relatively low performance for the prior target influenced subsequent evaluations differentially for male and female target ratees and males were given higher evaluations than females. Another study conducted by Ford et al (quoted in Arvey and Murphy, 1998) conducted a meta-analysis across 53 studies, and found that that blacks receive slightly lower performance scores than whites on both subjective and objective measures of performance. Arvey and Murphy reviewed a study conducted by Kraiger and Ford in 1985, and wrote that: â€Å"Kraiger & Ford (1985) conducted a meta-analysis of 74 studies across field and laboratory settings and concluded that an interaction effect existed: White raters rate white ratees higher than black ratees, whereas black raters evaluated black ratees higher than white ratees. Moderator effects were found also for group composition and research setting: Effect sizes increased as the proportion of blacks in the group decreased, and field studies generated larger effect sizes than laboratory studies. †(1998). These are the problems and issues that make a person think if the performance appraisal should be abandoned or not. In my opinion, performance appraisal should not be abandoned because of the problems and issues associated with it, if it is used carefully in an objective and constructive manner, it can prove a useful tool in motivating, developing and enhancing the performance of an employee. Bruce and Ira have also tried to answer this question: â€Å"Despite these drawbacks, there are good reasons not to give up on 360-degree feedback. The process still holds the potential to deepen employees' understanding of their own performance. And, it may be able to help companies create value by better aligning job performance with business strategy. The question is this: Can 360-degree feedback be implemented in such a way that it achieves these benefits without negatively affecting the bottom line? Based on our analysis–and conversations with clients– we believe the following steps may help companies transform 360-degree feedback into a value creator, not destroyer. Implement 360-degree feedback for the right reasons. â€Å"The first thing you need to ask is why you're doing it,† says Paul Rumely, a New York-based executive coach, If you can't articulate a strong business case for a 360-degree feedback program, it should not be introduced† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). Training can be very useful in enhancing the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems and can equip the raters with essential knowledge and skills to cope with the problems and issues associated with performance appraisals in work settings. Bruce and Ira suggest that: â€Å"Train people in giving and receiving feedback. Companies that implement 360-degree feedback without first checking and developing managers' feedback skills risk serious damage to teamwork and morale. Providing constructive feedback takes instruction, training and practice. †(Bruce & Ira, 2002). They also write that: â€Å"While training individuals to give and receive feedback may temporarily increase the expense associated with 360-degree feedback programs, the gains will outweigh the higher costs as the feedback delivered to participants becomes more focused, targeting the behaviors most closely associated with value creation and destruction. Ultimately, the goal should be to create a culture in which individuals feel comfortable giving and receiving feedback–both positive and negative–on a real–time basis, rather than waiting for an annual review† (Bruce & Ira, 2002). Assessment of performance of employees is essential to the process of performance management in organizations, and a performance appraisal not only assess or review the performance of an employee but also identify training and development needs of the employee, and is an important need of organizations. As Fiona Wilson has also stressed: â€Å"Given these difficulties identified in the literature, it may be tempting to abandon any hope of finding fair assessment of performance. Yet, there is still a need for control, accountability, assessment and staff development in organizations. Bias is difficult to overcome but can an individual give feedback on performance without that feedback being construed as negative and can staff be developed? One way to achieve this is to design an appraisal scheme where the emphasis is on development, to use a ‘safe’ approach, which recognises achievements and supports professional development and avoids the issue of accuracy and rating of performance† (Fiona Wilson, 2002).

Childhood experiences Essay

The quality and type of relationships differ between individuals:some are happy with long term-relationships, others prefer more temporary, less passionate relationships. Some individuals seem ‘lucky in love’, while others seem to struggle to maintain a long term stable relationship. Bowlby (1951) believed that the type of quality of relationship that individuals have with their primary caregivers provides the foundation for adult relationships by forming an internal working model hat acts as a template for all future relationships. This is the Continuity Hypothesis, the belief that similar relationships will occur as an adult. One theory that is thought to affect someones future relationships is the attachment styles a child can develop. These Attachment styles are determined by Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation experiment, where a child is either Secure attachment, Insecure-resistant attachment or Insecure-avoidant attachment type. It is believed attachment style provides children with a set of beliefs about themselves and others and the nature of relationships. The Continuity Hypothesis sees attachment as a main factor as predicting the nature of adult relationships. Therefore, someone who is securely attached as an infant will have similar relationships throughout life. This is Theory is supported by the study of HAZAN & SHAVER (1987). The experiment consisted of a ‘love quiz’ questionnaire that was published in a newspaper. The questions were designed to classify and individual as one of Ainsworth’s attachment type. The questionnaire also included q’s which aimed to assess the pps childhood relationships with their caregivers, and their romantic experiences in their life. Results showed that attachment type that individual had shown as a child was related to how they felt about adult relationships. Showed secure attachment types in childhood were more likely to enjoy secure relationships as an adult. Those with insecure-avoidant found it more hard to trust people in an adult relationship. Those with  insecure-resistant were more likely to feel anxious in adult relationships and find it hard to get as close to them as they wanted. As a result they concluded that relationships formed with parents during childhood affect relationships in adulthood. However this study does have issues with reliability as it is based on self-report data which is subjective. Furthermore the data is also retrospective further reducing reliability of the study. Also because the study relied on volunteer sampling, so the sample they have may not be truly representative of the population. However there are contradicting results in experiments done on the effect of attachment type on adult relationships as STEELE et al. (1998) found a small correlation of 0.17 between having a secure attachment type in childhood and early adulthood. This is also true for the study of RUTTER et al. (1999) who reported that individuals without secure attachments to their parents went on to secure stable relationships contradicting the findings of HAZAN & SHAVER. It is also believed that interaction with peers during childhood also influences later adult relationships. Peers become more influential as children progress into adulthood, playing a significant role in individuals becoming independent adults, helping develop social skills including those needed for adult relationships. GARNETT(2007) suggests that friendships during childhood give opportunities to develop skills needed to form successful adult relationships including: how to resolve conflict and how to take on different roles needed in relationships. COLLINS VAN DULMAN (2006) supports this theory and also suggests that relationships with peers give individuals the opportunity to learn behaviours and expectations involved in adult relationships. Supporting the idea that experiences during childhood and adolescence influence the quality of adult relationships. However some believed that it is difficult to measure the impact of a childs peer relationships on adult relationships, as there is a need to differentiate between having friends, who the friends are and the quality of each of the relationships, making it hard to identify the direct influence each of these factors has on quality of adult relationships. Furthermore it is thought that children who have witnessed unstable relationships between their parents and others around them will be influenced by this and thus influences their adult relationships. Studies have shown that people who experienced parental divorce during childhood have more negative attitudes towards relationships than those who didn’t experience parental divorce. These negative attitudes include being less optimistic about having a successful relationship, feeling less trustful of partners, having more favourable attitudes towards divorce and more negative attitude towards marriage. SILVESTRI (1991) supports this notion as he found that having divorced parents significantly increased an individuals own chances of getting divorced. JOHNSTON and THOMAS provide an explanation for this suggesting that this could be because individuals model their behaviour on their parents behaviours. Linking back to bowlbys theory that children form an internal working model as to how relationships should be whilst not only being in a dysfunctional relationship themselves but observing these dysfunctional relationships too. However this theory cannot be generalised to the entire population as there are a large amount of people who experience divorce during childhood but still go on to have successful adult relationships. Thus proving that their must be many other factors that can influence the long term effects. Also research into this area of how divorce effects a child’s adult relationships can be used to minimise the effect of divorce on children. To conclude it seems that there is sufficient evidence to support bowlbys theory that early childhood experiences both being involved in relationships and observations of parents to does to some extent play a role in affecting their adult relationships. However due to the causal nature of much of the studies related to this area means that it can be difficult to establish what the true cause and effects are of early childhood experiences or whether it is other factors that are contributing to this, supported by the contradicting results of many studies in this area. Furthermore attachment theories are somewhat deterministic, perceiving childhood/peer attachments as causing later adult relationships. However it is likely that other factors are influential such as the different attachment types other people  bring to the relationship. e.g if a insecurely attached person can have a secure relationship if they are in a relationship with a securely attached person.

Threat of Anne Hutchinson essays

Threat of Anne Hutchinson essays Anne Hutchinson went against the assumptions of what women should do in her time. She held meetings in her home giving her views of her extremist Puritan beliefs, which many were against. Anne Hutchinson was the same type of threat to the Massachusetts Bay colony just like any other antinomian, except she was much more influential, thus more dangerous than many other individual previous antinomians. Deputy Governor testimony accused Hutchinson of being an antinomian. He stated, ...Mrs. Hutchinson hat so forestalled the minds of many by their resort to her meeting that now she hath a potent party in the country. Now if all these things have endangered us as from that foundation and if she particular hath disparaged all our ministers in the land that they have preached a covenant of works, and only Mr. Cotton a covenant of grave, why this is not to be suffered... He was accusing her of exactly what antinomian, who were also called Puritan extremists. The ministers and church held most of government power in Massachusetts Bay colonies around that time in the mid 1600s. Having been accused of being an antinomian, she was trying to overthrow the power of the ministers, thus trying to overthrow the government as well, which is a threat the community in that time and place. Several ministers stated that Hutchinson had come and accused all of them, except John Cotton, of preachin g covenant of works, which supports what Deputy Governor claimed. Although Anne Hutchinson denied this allegations, it seems that the Governor still took these testimonies against her, because the words of a minister werent considered to be anything but the truth to those who followed their religion and were not antinomians. Mr. Cotton had to testify. Although he tried to defend Hutchinson, because of how she saw him as the only good minister among those she was talking to. Her words did make him feel uncomfortable in fr ...

Battle of Coochs Bridge in the American Revolution

Battle of Cooch's Bridge in the American Revolution Battle of Coochs Bridge - Conflict Date: The Battle of Coochs Bridge was fought September 3, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Battle of Coochs Bridge - Armies Commanders: Americans General George WashingtonBrigadier General William Maxwell450 men British General Sir William HoweLieutenant General Lord Charles CornwallisLieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb293 men Battle of Coochs Bridge - Background: Having captured New York in 1776, British campaign plans for the following year called for Major General John Burgoynes army to advance south from Canada with the goal of capturing the Hudson Valley and severing New England from the rest of the American colonies.   In commencing his operations, Burgoyne hoped that General Sir William Howe, the overall British commander in North America, would march north from New York City to support the campaign.   Uninterested in advancing up the Hudson, Howe instead set his sights on taking the American capital at Philadelphia.   To do so, he planned to embark the bulk of his army and sail south. Working with his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, Howe initially hoped to ascend the Delaware River and land below Philadelphia.   An assessment of the river forts in the Delaware deterred the Howes from this line of approach and they instead decided to sail further south before moving up the Chesapeake Bay.   Putting to sea in late July, the British were hampered by poor weather.   Though aware of Howes departure from New York, the American commander, General George Washington, remained in the dark regarding the enemys intentions.   Receiving sighting reports from along the coast, he increasingly determined that the target was Philadelphia.   As a result, he began moving his army south in late August.   Battle of Coochs Bridge - Coming Ashore: Moving up the Chesapeake Bay, Howe started landing his army at Head of Elk on August 25.   Moving inland, the British began concentrating their forces before beginning the march northeast toward Philadelphia.   Having encamped at Wilmington, DE, Washington, along with Major General Nathanael Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette, rode southwest on August 26 and reconnoitered the British from atop Iron Hill.   Assessing the situation, Lafayette recommended employing a force of light infantry to disrupt the British advance and give Washington time to choose suitable ground for blocking Howes army.   This duty normally would have fallen to Colonel Daniel Morgans riflemen, but this force had been sent north to reinforce Major General Horatio Gates who was opposing Burgoyne.   As a result, a new command of 1,100 handpicked men was quickly assembled under the leadership of Brigadier General William Maxwell. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Moving to Contact: On the morning of September 2, Howe directed Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to depart Cecil County Court House with the right wing of the army and move east toward Aikens Tavern.   This march was slowed by poor roads and foul weather.   The next day, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis was ordered to break camp at Head of Elk and join Knyphausen at the tavern.   Advancing east over different roads, Howe and Cornwallis reached Aikens Tavern ahead of the delayed Hessian general and elected to turn north without waiting for the planned rendezvous.   To the north, Maxwell had positioned his force south of Coochs Bridge which spanned the Christina River as well as sent a light infantry company south to set an ambush along the road. Battle of Coochs Bridge - A Sharp Fight: Riding north, Cornwallis advance guard, which was comprised of a company of Hessian dragoons led by Captain Johann Ewald, fell into Maxwells trap.   Springing the ambush, the American light infantry broke up the Hessian column and Ewald retreated to obtain aid from Hessian and Ansbach jgers in Cornwallis command.   Advancing,  jgers led by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb engaged the Maxwells men in a running fight north.   Deploying in a line with artillery support, Wurmbs men attempted to pin the Americans in place with bayonet charge in the center while sending a force to turn Maxwells flank.   Recognizing the danger, Maxwell continued to slowly retreat north towards the bridge (Map). Reaching Coochs Bridge, the Americans formed to make a stand on the east bank of the river.   Increasingly pressed by Wurmbs men, Maxwell retreated across the span to a new position on the west bank.   Breaking off the fight, the  jgers occupied nearby Iron Hill.   In an effort to take the bridge, a battalion of British light infantry crossed the river downstream and began moving north.   This effort was badly slowed by swampy terrain.   When this force finally arrived, it, along with the threat posed by Wurmbs command, compelled Maxwell to depart the field and retreat back to Washingtons camp outside Wilmington, DE. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Aftermath: Casualties for the Battle of Coochs Bridge are not known with certainty but are estimated at 20 killed and 20 wounded for Maxwell and 3-30 killed and 20-30 wounded for Cornwallis.   As Maxwell moved north, Howes army continued to be harassed by American militia forces.   That evening, Delaware militia, led by Caesar Rodney, struck the British near Aikens Tavern in a hit-and-run attack.   Over the next week, Washington marched north with the intention of blocking Howes advance near Chadds Ford, PA.   Taking a position behind the Brandywine River, he was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11.   In the days after the battle, Howe succeeded in occupying Philadelphia.   An American counterattack on October 4 was turned back at the Battle of Germantown.   The campaign season ended later that fall with Washingtons army going into winter quarters at Valley Forge.            Selected Sources DAR: Battle of Coochs BridgePHAA: Battle of Coochs BridgeHMDB: Battle of Coochs Bridge